232 Pigmentation Survey of School Children in Scotland 
fair and dark producing the various shades of brown classed as medium. All these 
contribute to the result and, taken together as a whole, are sufficient to cause the 
defect in the proportion of fair hair. Entia non sunt inultiplicanda. It is probable 
that the country north-east and contiguous to Glasgow may contribute to the 
excess of dark eyes, but it is also probable, since the lower classes are more fertile, 
since dark eyes ai-e associated with density, and since it has been shown elsewhere 
that dark eyes are associated with greater fertility, that greater fertility may 
contribute to produce the excess found in Glasgow. 
XVII. The population of East Aberdeenshire which was surveyed in 1896 has 
possibly become slightly darker in hair colour and lighter in eye colour in the 
eight years' interval. The change does not appear to have taken place in the 
rural districts but is more likely to have taken place in the two towns, Peterhead 
and Fraserburgh. 
XVIII. The regions of excess and defect in hair colour and eye colour as 
found in surveying the Scottish insane correspond in many cases to similar regions 
as found by this survey. In others they do not agree. This arises mainly from 
(a) the fact that the insane are a somewhat selected population, (/S) the fact that 
they are adults and not therefore directly comparable and (7) the fact that the 
numbers are small compared with the numbers in this survey. 
XIX. Several of Dr Beddoe's results have received confirmation, but the 
remarks on the Scottish insane (see XVIII. above) apply to his observations. His 
results are not directly comparable. 
XX. The degree of association between hair colour and eye colour found from 
the results of this survey corresponds very closely to the values already found from 
other British and from foreign data. 
XXI. The results of this survey point to the conclusion that there are at 
least five types in Scotland, (a) One whose colour characters are dark hair and 
dark eyes ; (yS) dark hair and blue or light eyes ; (7) fair hair and blue eyes ; 
(8) a fourth type probably a product of two or more of the foregoing possessing 
medium hair (and perhaps dark hair) and medium eyes; (e) a fifth type, possessing 
red hair associated mainly with medium eyes, is also present in small proportions 
(about 5 per cent.) and is also probably a product of two or more of the other 
types. These may be named respectively (a) the Dark European type (examples 
of subtypes: (1) Mediterranean, (2) Danish); (/3) the Scoto- Keltic type; (7) the 
Scandinavian or Germanic type; (S) the Scottish type ; and (e) the Caledonian 
type. 
