VARIATION, DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH IN 
HOLOTHURIA FLORIDANA POURTALES AND 
IN HOLOTHURIA ATRA JAGER. 
By CHARLES LINCOLN EDWARDS, of Trinity College, 
Hartford, Connecticut. 
CONTENTS. 
Page 
I. Introduction ..... 238 
A. History. Conclusions announced 
in this Paper .... 238 
B. Material and Methods of Study . 239 
II. Holothuria floridana Pourtales . 241 
A. Body 241 
a. Form 241 
b. Size 241 
1. Length in cm. . . . 241 
2. Diameter in cm. . . . 241 
3. Volume in cm.^ . . .243 
B. Development and Growth . . 243 
C. Colour 244 
a. Living and Alcoholic Specimens 244 
b. Methods of Determination . 244 
c. Colouration .... 246 
1. Pedicels and Papillae . . 246 
2. Distribution of Colour on the 
Body .... 247 
D. Tentacles and Ampullae . . 248 
a. Symmetry in Arrangement of 
Tentacles and Ampullae . 248 
Variations from the Sym- 
metry of the Tentacles of 
the Mid-dorsal InteiTadius 
in Relation to the Attach- 
ment of the Mesentery . 248 
b. Number of Tentacles . . 249 
Variation in the Number of 
Tentacles and the Relation 
of those present to the 
Normal Symmetry . . 249 
c. Branches on Tentacular Am- 
pullae and Variation in their 
Number . . . .251 
d. Variation in Size of Tentacles . 252 
e. Development of Tentacles . 252 
Page 
E. Pedicels and Papillae . . . 252 
a. Distribution per sq. cm. . . 253 
b. Development and Appearance . 253 
c. Warts 254 
1. Distribution of Warts . . 254 
2. Number of Warts on Sides of 
Bivium .... 255 
d. Papillae around the Anus . 255 
Distribution of Papillae 
around the Anus . . 255 
F. Thickness of Body-wall . . 255 
G. Calcareous Spicules of the Body- 
wall ..... 256 
a. Tables 256 
1. Development of the Table . 256 
2. Structure of the Table . . 257 
3. Variation in Crown and Ver- 
tical Rods. . . . 257 
b. Tables of Bivium and Trivium 
in U. floridana . . . 257 
1. Disc 258 
2. Height 259 
3. Crown 259 
c. Rosettes and Rosettes with 
Holes 260 
d. Perforated Plates . . .261 
1. Development of the Perfo- 
rated Plate . . .261 
2. Structure and Variation of 
the Developed Perforated 
Plates .... 262 
e. Number of Rosettes and Per- 
forated Plates . . .263 
f. Correlation of Rosettes and Per- 
forated Plates with Ad- 
vancing Age . . . 263 
