350 
Skin-Colour in Human Crossbreds 
The questions I put to my medical correspondent were as follows : 
(1) Is white X negro a blend or not? Is it correct to say that the mulatto 
is a blend ? 
Answer. "To this question there is only one answer; it gives a definite well-recognised 
blend, and a blond which is easily seen and identified by any sensible man who has had any 
exjjerience. You can infer and state freely, that there is this definite blend. But the colour 
of the mulatto varies, and practically may be divided into two sections : 
(a) The brown mulatto, with a colour of light mahogany. 
{b) The yellow mulatto with the colour of a well cleaned brown boot, which has not been 
much worn. 
But I have never seen any reversion to the white or negro type in a genuine mulatto, and 
I have come in contact with hundreds of them. The yellow mulatto is comparatively un- 
common here ; roughly speaking I should say under 15 p.c. of all mulattos." 
It will be seen from this result that a new problem is opened up — that of 
accounting for the difference between the brown and the yellow mulatto. The 
answer excludes the possibility of dominance in the Mendelian sense from the 
discussion. 
My Figs, (i) — (iii) give pure negro individuals. Fig. (ii) is described as a 
perfectly black negress and Fig. (i) as a negro "as black as the ace of spades."* 
Fig. (v) is the photograph of a florid Englishman taken with the same camera as 
control. Fig. (iv) is a representative of the mulatto type. 
The problem of the difference between the brown and yellow mulatto would be 
a remarkably interesting one to work out, but the difficulty of the inquiry might 
be great. Is it, perhaps, due to difference of pigmentation in the European 
parents ? Or, to a difference in negroid race ? One point, I think, deserves con- 
sideration with regai'd to further inquiry in this field : Does the sex of the white 
parent make any difference in the colour of the offspring ? In searching through 
literature to find any reference to segregation in the offspring of mixed races, I 
have come across three cases only, in which the hybrid was directly stated not to 
be a blend or mulatto. The first case is due to Aristotle ■[■ who describes how a 
woman in Elis bore a ivhite daughter to an Aethiopian, but this daughter had a 
black son by a white father. If the case were really authentic, it would be the 
rule proved by the exceptions, i.e. a Mendelian dominance of the white, followed by 
a Mendelian segregation, which nullifies this dominance of the white. The second 
case is cited by Parsons |, who says that a white woman married a negro in York 
and had by him a perfectly negro child. Here we have dominance of the black. 
The third case is also due to Parsons; he tells how a white woman had a white 
child by a negro, but its buttock was black, i.e. it was a piebald. There may 
well be other cases, but I have not come across them. Now on these three 
cases no stress whatever can be laid, but they suffice to suggest that, whereas in 
* In all photography of dark races, the high lights reflected from black surfaces must be allowed for. 
t De (jeneratione Animaliiim Lib. i. cap. xviil. 
+ Phil. Trans. Vol. lv. 1765, p. 45. 
