164 
THE LIAS AMMONITES. 
Table showing the extension of the Upper Lias in the British Islands, Belgium, France, 
Switzerland, Germans/, Austria, and Italy, loith indications of the Toarcian Ammonite- 
Zones found in some typical regions of the European area. ' 
Ammonite Zones 
of the 
Upper Lias. 
British 
Islands. 
Belgium. 
France, 
Departments 
OF. 
Switzer- 
land. 
Germany. 
<n 
< 
Italy. 
England. 
Ireland. 
Scotland. 
Luxemburg. 
Calvados. 
Cote-d'Or. 
Yonne. 
Rhone. 
Aveyron. 
00 
« 
A argau. 
Hanover. 
Wiirttemberg. 
N.-E. Alps. 
Apennines. 
OPALINUM 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
? 
? 
* 
JURENSE 
-* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
«- 
* 
* 
BIFR0NS 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
SERPENTINUM 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
* 
This table concludes our sketch of the Lias formation, so rich in new and varied forms 
of animal life, which all became extinct with its close. In taking a retrospective glance 
at this chapter of the Geological Record, probably the most complete of all the Mesozoic 
formations, one is forcibly struck with the number of new, remarkable, and varied animal 
forms it contains, of which we find neither traces of ancestry nor natural affinities in any 
of the older strata. In its basement -bed the teeth of the oldest known Mammal, 
Microlestes, were discovered, and in its different horizons the remains of Reptiles of the 
most singular structure are found. The Enaliosaurians comprise in a single organism the 
most diverse anatomical characters ; the vertebral column of a fish united to the body 
of a lizard, having the skull, jaws, and teeth of a crocodile, with the paddles of Cetacea 
articulated to the scapular arch of a Platypus. The Pterodactylians have affinities with 
birds and bats through the mechanism of their anterior extremities, the phalanges of the 
fifth finger being enlarged and elongated to form a rod for supporting a wide-spreading 
membranous wing, whilst the rest of the hand retained the reptilian type. The Ganoid 
Eishes belong to genera that are nearly all special to the Lias, and they are as remarkable 
for the beauty and novelty of their forms as for the fine state of preservation in which 
they are found. The Molluscan Eaunas are singularly characteristic of the diff'erent 
zones ; and the Cephalopods, above all others, are the most important class, from the cer- 
tainty with which these divisions of time are characterised by them, each new group 
making its appearance in succession, and passing away to give place to other generic 
forms destined to succeed it in time and space. 
