A. Barrington and K. Pp]arson 
433 
wood considers that the ancestry of the Galloway cow is even more important than 
that of the shorthorn bull ; and states that the true pedigree black Galloway crossed 
with the white shorthorn of non-white parentage will give a blue-grey, though 
some of the offspring will be very dark blue-grey. The whole of this evidence 
seems to show that black Galloway x white shorthorn* does not give invariably 
the desired light blue-grey blend, but that the deviations from this colour in the 
opinions of experienced breeders depend on the ancestry of the (BB) and the 
(IFM^). The hybrid generation is not uniform unless the parents come of selected 
stock. Such appears to be the best answer we can get to our first problem. 
Our second question relates to the crossing of the hybrid (BW), the blue-grey 
cattle with (IT IF) the white shorthorn. This ought to give half blue-gi-ey (BW) 
and half white shorthorns (ITTT). The experience of breeders is not uniform, but 
most probably it is based on white shorthorn bulls with varying colour pedigree. 
Mr Tinniswood finds that the cross is invariably a white calf with a black nose 
and ear linings. He has been careful to use shorthorn bulls which as to ear and 
nose are perfectly white. Mr Hodgson has frequently bred this cross and finds the 
results always white, occasionally with a black nose. He says this cross gives 
white cattle which are not, however, to be reckoned as pure white shorthorns. 
Thus in the experience of both these breeders (BW) has not occurred as a result 
of (BW) X (TTTF), nor in the experience of at least one of them (IFir), but white 
with black markings. Other breeders, however, have had different experiences. 
Mr G. Richardson finds all colours to arise from the cross. Messrs Hyslop find 
like Messrs Tinniswood and Hodgson that white with coloured nose and ears was 
the resultant coat-colour, but some light blue-grey, some "grizzled" (i.e. red mixed 
with white hairs), and some black generally at base of coat. Mr de Vere Irving 
considers the coat-colour uncertain, and cites as illustrations, a blue-grey 
cow X white shorthorn bull giving a white calf with black nose and blue-grey ears. 
Another blue-grey cow with the same bull giving last year a blue-grey calf and 
this year a roan. He has also had jju?-e white cattle from this cross. We think we 
may conclude from these results that the essential feature to which Mendel drew 
attention, i.e. segregation in the second crosses, certainly does occur, but its nature 
is not compatible with any simple Mendelian formula. We have not only (iriT) 
and (BW) occurring from (BW) x (M^IF), but also red and roan appearing in the 
hair, as well as white with black markings which did not exist in either the 
pure bred Galloway or the shorthorn parents. Further, this segregation although 
possibly more marked than in the hybrid generation is to be found in the hybrid 
generation itself, if the cow and bull while presenting the external features of pure 
Galloway and pure shorthorn, have not pure black and pure white ancestry. 
We now turn to the cross (BW) x (BB). This should give (BB) and (BW) in 
equal proportions. Mr de Vere Irving finds the resulting offspring black or dark 
* The usual cross is ? {BB) x <? (WW), but the reciprocal cross is sotnetimes made. The produce 
of this cross is said, however, not to be uniform in colour. It is adopted because shorthorn heifers can 
be bought on better terms than pure bred Galloway heifers ; while the shorthorn heifer as a cow makes 
a better price than a Galloway for towns' dairying. 
Biometrika iv 55 
