A. Barrington and K. Pearson 
437 
does not now introduce black into the coat-colour, though how far it may appear 
as red may be open to discussion. Red in the shorthorn appears in different shades 
roughly classified by breeders as dark and light, and we have corresponding dark 
and light roan, according to the character of the i"ed hair in the roan. These finer 
distinctions are not recorded in the herdbook*. 
From the standpoint of our present investigation, it would be of very great 
suggestiveness if we could determine in number and colour the original factors 
of the modern shorthorn. So far as we have been able to gather from writings on 
the subject there seems to be a good deal of diversity of opinion among authorities 
as to the origin of the domestic breeds of British cattle. There are three some- 
what divergent main views. First that of Boyd Dawkins-f". He identifies the Bos 
Urus of the prehistoric and historic periods with the Bos primigenius of the 
Pleistocene period, but he does not consider that either survived in this country as 
source of the wildpark cattle. He holds that the small dark Welsh and Scotch 
mountain cattle represent an original Celtic shorthorn, and that the Romans 
used this Celtic cattle and did not import larger breeds of their own. This whole 
coloured Celtic shorthorn was driven out not by the Romans, but by the Anglo- 
Saxons. The Chillingham wild cattle on this view are living representatives 
of the breed brought by the Anglo-Saxons. They are not survivors of the Bos 
Urus in this country, but imported Anglo-Saxon cattle run wild j. At first sight 
there does not appear the same reason for the disappearance of the Anglo-Saxon 
cattle, that there was for the expulsion of the Celtic cattle, and Boyd Dawkins' 
citations from Welsh Laws may be read in more ways than one, for fines have 
generally become customary many generations before they are codified. It is 
also unlikely that all the place-names in Ireland referring to white cattle are 
later than the Saxon invasion. 
Another view has been taken by McKenny Huglies§. He considers that the 
characteristics of the Urus nowhere appear in the Romano-British cattle. The 
Kerry cattle are typical of the Celtic shorthorn, the Chillingham cattle are the 
nearest representatives of the breed introduced by the Romans|{. The Highland 
and Welsh cattle are derived largely from the Roman breed with admixture 
of the Celtic shorthorn. These are all whole coloured or shaded. The Longhorns, 
frequently particoloured or sheeted, are the offspring of breeds introduced from 
* The range and continuity of the reds seem fairly obvious from the samples of hair colour in our 
possession. 
t Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, Vol. xxii. 1866, pp. 391-401. "Fossil British Oxen," 
Pleistocene Mammalia, Palacontoyrapkical Society, Boyd Dawkins and Sandford, 1866-1886, in parts. 
X B. A. Eeport on Herds of Wild Cattle, Report, 1887, p. 13.3, appears to leave the question of 
importation open. Riitimayer (" Ueber Art und llaee des zahmen europaischen Rindes," Arcliiv fiir 
Anthropologic, Bd. i. S. 219-250) holds that the English wild cattle, the large horned Hungarian and 
Italian cattle belong to the Primigenius race. 
§ Archaeologia, Vol. lv. Part i. pp. 125-158, 1896. "On the more Important Breeds of Cattle which 
have been recognised in the British Isles, etc." 
II A comparison of the skulls of Chillingham and Italian bulls with that of the Bos primigenius can 
be easily made at the Natural History Museum, South Kensington. 
