2 4 8 THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY. 
are, of course, more primitive than their modern descendants ; 
they have smaller brains, the orbits (eye-sockets) encircled only 
by a bony rim, but not by a complete funnel-like bony case ; and 
their teeth are, in most instances, more numerous and simpler. 
Unfortunately, not enough is known of the skeleton to be 
instructive. These genera are usually referred to the lemurs, 
and some of them may have been such, but others are much more 
probably ancestral types of the true monkeys. 
So far as North America is concerned, the order began to 
decline in the Uinta, and it is doubtful whether any persisted as 
late as White River times ; certainly none have been found in 
any subsequent formation. In Europe the true monkeys, dis- 
tinguished, among other things, by the complete enclosing of the 
orbits in bone, begin to appear in the Miocene, and some of them 
seem to connect the monkeys and the anthropoid apes into one 
continuous series. All these fossils belong to the existing family 
which includes all the monkeys of the eastern hemisphere, save 
the higher apes. The latter also make their appearance in the 
European Miocene, and persist until the Pliocene, when the grad- 
ual refrigeration of the climate confined them to the warmer regions 
of Asia and Africa. 
The zoological position of man has been well summed up by 
von Zittel : — 
" In bodily structure man is most closely allied to the apes, especially those 
of the Old World, so that it is difficult to draw a sharp anatomical line 
between them. According to Huxley, the gap between the highest and lowest 
monkeys is much greater than that between man and the anthropoid apes. 
The round, vaulted form of the very spacious brain case, the great preponder- 
ance of the cranial over the facial region, and the lack of a sagittal crest 
distinguish the human skull very clearly from that of all Old World apes j 
but some South American monkeys are very close to man in this 
respect. True, the human brain considerably surpasses in size and weight 
that of any ape, but the same structural plan prevails in the anatomy of the 
different parts, in the development of the great hemispheres, and in their con- 
volutions. "* * * The steeply descending facial profile, as compared 
with the projecting snout of most apes, gives to man his nobler expression ; 
with this are correlated the almost vertical position of the symphysis of the 
