After leaving the Dogger the Communis Zone with its characteristic Ammonites 
is passed over, and next in order we have the Serpenthius Zone ; we then pass on 
to the Anntdatus Zone, thence to the beach where we have the Spinattis Zone, or 
the main seam of Cleveland Ironstone, which has been the making of Cleveland. 
Any one desirous of collecting specimens from the strata will have ample oppor- 
tunity of doing so, as this ground, if worked, will be found to be rich in fossils. 
General Features. — Mr. J. J. Burton, F.G.S., writes :— The position 
of Runswick Bay marks the site of an ancient pre-glacial valley where it 
debouched upon the sea shore. rrom boring and sinking indications it seems 
that this bay has been the former outlet of a very considerable stream ; and as the 
large stream at Staithes where it cuts through the cliffs is entirely post glacial, 
Staithes beck and its contributory streams no doubt flowed into Runswick Bay in 
pre-glacial times. The outlet on the recession of the ice became blocked with 
boulder clay, and the inland valleys were filled with the same material. The 
meltmg of the ice on its lateral edges caused streams to flow, which, cutting into 
the boulder clay deposits, formed some of the valleys as we now see them, that is, 
more or less parallel valleys or deep gorges separated by a strip or ridge of boulder 
clay. This phenomenon is very clearly seen in the two streams of Easington and 
Crinkle, and also in the two parallel streams entering the sea at Sandsend and 
East Row respectively, a little North and South (or more correctly N.W. and 
S.E.) of Runswick. A fault throws the strata down about fifty feet to the West, 
but owing to landslips it is not readily seen except where it crosses the stream. 
The shore line near Kettleness i 5 chiefly formed of the Spinatus Beds of the 
Middle Lias with a very attenuated seam of the main ironstone cropping out, but 
on the opposite, that is the Runswick, side of the bay the ironstone beds are below 
the f.urface and do not re-appear for some distance to the North-West. 
During the excursion the investigations will be chiefly on the Upper Lias, 
excellent sections of which are well seen on both sides of the bay and in the great 
Alum Works of Kettleness. 
The following section will give a general indication of the strata of the coast 
line hereabout. 
1. — Lower Oolite. 
2. — A. communis 
3. — A. serpentinus 
4. — A. annulatus 
5. -A spinatus J ^^^^^^^ ^ias 
o. — A. 7nargaritatus 3 
7. — A, capricornus ) t t • 
Q . ■ ■ \ Lower Lias- 
o. — A. jamesom ) 
I Upper Lias. 
a. Kettleness. 
b. Runswick Bay. 
c. Staithes. 
d. Boulby^^Rockcliffe. 
The little fishing village of Runswick Bay is one of the most picturesquely 
situated places on the coast, the houses nestle in irregular order up the steep face 
of the cliff from the shore line to the top. It is a short distance from Hinderwell, 
which is the nearest Railway Station on the Saltburn and Whitby line. 
