Hundale Point), and the Moor Grit, these being well seen in the Caslleton Ganister 
Quarries. North of Eskdale, in the vicinity of Freeborough Hill, there is a large 
outlier of the Kellaways Rock lying in a synclinal trough. The rock is a coarse, 
yellow sandstone with quartz pebbles, and contains very few fossils. It is well 
exposed in Dimmingdale Quarry, near Freeborough Hill, which is a remarkable 
outlier of the same formation. The Kellaways Rock is much faulted, and the faults 
are clearly indicated by its outcrop. Geologists will also be able to examine the 
old workings for coal near Danby Beacon. This coal is of poor quality, and occurs 
beneath the Grey Limestone Series, and is about two feet thick at most. Plant 
remains are of sporadic occurrence in the Estuarines, chiefly IVilliamsonia gigas 
and W. pecten. 7 odites williamsoni has also been found, whilst quite recently I 
have received a specimen of Laccopieris polypodioides from the Commondale 
Quarries. 
The relationship of the geology to the surface topography is remarkably clear 
in this area, and special attention will be directed to the features of the dales and 
their erosion. 
The following strata can be seen in this district : Middle and Upper Lias, 
Dogger, Lower Estuarine Series, with the Eller Peek Bed and Coal Seams, Grey 
Limestone Series, Upper Estuarines with Moor Grit at base and Cornbrash at top, 
Kellaways Rock. 
There are also several exposures of the Cleveland Dyke is this area. 
The Glacial Geology of the Castleton district is extremely interesting, and has 
been fully elucidated by Professor Kendall (System of Glacier Lakes in the Cleve- 
land Hills, Q.J.G.S., 1902). Eskdale itself in glacial times was occupied by a 
large exlra-morainic lake on the floor of which various deposits were formed. An 
opportunity will be taken to examine the lake silts at the Danby Brick and Tile 
Works, whilst between Castleton and Commondale are some remarkable gravel 
fans, considered by Professor Kendall to be the deltas of a lake overflow out of 
Kildale. Saturday's route will enable geologists to study the boundary of the 
drift on the northern side of Eskdale, and during the meeting special attention 
should be directed to the differences between the glaciated and non-glaciated areas, 
"the latter chiefly occupying the high moorlands to the south of Eskdale. Glacial 
•overflows are not uncommon, particularly near Freeborough Hill, and include the 
two curious little marginal overflows, termed the ' double" by Professor Kendall, 
the in-and-out channel of Spring Head Hole, and the great direct overflow of Ewe 
Crag Slack whith crosses the North Cleveland watershed and debouches into 
Eskdale above Danby End. 
BOTANY. — The following are among the rarer plants of the Castleton 
•district : Vaccinium 7>itis-id(Td, Empetrum fiigrum, Drosera roiundi/oUa, Pinguicula 
vtilgaris, Trienialis europcca. Genista anglica, Juniperus commtmis, Myrrhis odorata^ 
y^^opodium Podagra) ia^ Hoitonia palustriSy Adoxa Moschatellina^ etc. 
Reindeer Lichen ( Cladonia rangiferina and sylvaiica) are characteristic 
species of the Castleton Moors, whilst the pubescent variety of Ling (^Ca//««a 
vulgaris, var. incana) is very abundant in places. 
BOTANICAL SURVEY.~Mr. Frank Elgee, F.G.S., writes: Moorland 
associations are in evidence at Castleton. Pure Heather Moor is the most 
charr.cteristic community, though varying consideral)ly. On dry porous sandstone, 
with little or no overlying humus, the Heather, even when dominant, is short and 
thin, whereas on deepish peat it is very rank. The effects of burning the Moors 
should be carefully noted since this produces a marked alteration in the plant life. 
See Vegetation of Swiddens in North-Easl Yorkshire," A^a^«ra/z'5/, January and 
February, 19 10. Other associations that will be seen include the Bracken Slope. 
Cotton Grass Bogs, and Junceta in slacks and hollows. Grass Moors, both of Nardus 
and Molinia, as well as upland woods of Birch and Oak, with undergrowths of Ling 
■or Bilberry. In some associations the Cow-berry (Vaccinium vi(is-idaea), and the 
•Crowberry ( Empetrum nigrum ) are numerous. 
