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I found that it had been removed. Within the pericardium there was a largish bundle 
containing both kidneys, and behind the liver I found a small packet, containing a bundle 
of muscular fibres. This probably represented the heart, the embalmer liaving evidently 
made a mistake and put the kidneys in the wrong place. 
Under the microscope hardly any connective tissue remains between the muscular 
fibres, so that in many sections none can be demonstrated. 
The muscular fibres are normal in so far that the transverse striation and the 
individual fibres are readily shown whether running parallel or crossing one another. 
These are considerably shrunk both longitudinally and laterally. The striated lines are 
much closer to one another than in the normal human heart and the fibres themselves 
are correspondingly narrowed. 
In the bodies of Roman and Greek children buried in the sand, the heart is of Roman and 
course in situ. The microscopical examination of the muscular fibres gives no better ^'^^ ^ " * 
results than in the older mummies. The valves appear normal and are readily 
demonstrated when the heart is properly softened. The only difference is that the 
organ does not fall to pieces, as is the case in mummies of the XXIst dynasty, and that 
the connective tissue can be demonstrated. 
LIVER. 
The liver, owing to its bulk, necessarily dried very slowly and therefore underwent 
profound changes. The organ represented in plates I and II had evidently been com- 
pressed into the form of a tube, and either before or after drying, part of the organ had 
been torn away. It measured 22,5 centimetres in its longest and 7 centimetres in its 
broadest diameter and it was nowhere more than 4 centimetres thick. It weighed 300 
grammes with its bandages. 
We must remember in this connection, that the incision through which the liver 
was extracted measured not more than 5 inches as a rule, and it is very difficult to 
understand how the embalmers removed this enormous organ through this comparatively 
small opening. The liver was frequently damaged, and the embalmers did not always 
take the trouble to replace the whole of the organ into the body cavity. The Uver 
depicted here is the most perfect I have ever seen and almost an exception. In other 
cases, the organ was represented by a few ounces of tissue only, the rest having com- 
pletely disappeared. 
The liver of the Greek mummy was fairly perfect, but nevertheless a large part, 
viz : the quadrate lobe, the gall bladder, all the hepatic vessels, and caudate and Spigelian 
lobes had been torn away. 
Fragments of 5 different livers were examined. These were as hard as stone and 
when broken across expose a mahogany-brown, smooth, glistening surface. In the 
