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The parenchyma of the lung is as a rule in a very good state of preservation. 
The alveolar structure of the organ is easily seen, though of course tlie fine details have 
disappeared (Plate IX. Fig. 1 and 2). The walls of the bronclii, with the exception of 
the mucous membrane, are much shrunk but well preserved, and the cartilages of the 
larger bronchi are almost perfect in places. A few cartilage cells may be absent or may 
have shrunk to a mere point, but as a rule they are well seen. Two cells lying in the same 
space are often distinguishable. In a few sections, the nuclei are still visible (Plate VII. 
Fig. 5 a and b). 
The microscopical structure of the pleura and diaphragm is beautifully seen 
in transverse sections. These tissues and the muscular fibres of the diaphragm especially 
are so typical that it is almost impossible to believe that the material dates from 
3000 years. This excellent condition I attribute to the thick layer of mud which lined 
the entire pleural cavity of this particular mummy. 
Lungs of other The lungs of the Roman child were represented by a granular soapy-feeling 
mummtes. mass lying at the back of each pleura. No particular structure could be demonstrated. 
The lungs of the Greek child will be described in another paper, dealing with pathological 
changes in mummies. 
KIDNEYS. 
Sometimes both kidneys were left in situ and they may easily escape notice 
unless the wliole mummy be softened. I have found them in a mummy of the 
.Wlllth-XXth dynasties, and once I have .seen the stomach wrapped up in the same 
parcel as the two kidneys. 
The shape is well preserved, and the hilus for instance and sometimes even the 
ureters can be recognised. Occasionally again, the suprarenal capsule is still attached 
to the kidney. 
Regional Good sections of the kidney are easily obtained, as the softened organ does not 
iraderistics. f^^jj pieces as rapidly as other viscera. The capsule of the kidney is practically perfect. 
The general histological structure of the organ is readily seen and the charac- 
teristics of every region are distinct (Plate X. Fig. 1 and 3). The various parts of the 
organ, liowever, expand somewhat unequally; the cortex swelling up less than the 
medulla so tliat the glomeruli and the tubuli contort! are generally more distinct than 
the straight and connecting tubules. The glomeruli are occasionally somewhat angular 
in shape and stand out prominently from the surrounding tissue (Plate X. Fig. 1). Their 
characteristic structure has disappeared, for long mummification has converted them 
into a finely reticulated, spongy-looking mass, in which the epithelium cells and blood- 
vessels are matted together (Plate X. Fig. 4). In some kidneys not a single glomerulus 
has been destroyed. 
