2,ooo foot plain of Yorkshire, and what formation was laid down in the sea 
which crept across the 3,000 feet plain of Cumberland ? What way did that sea 
advance, from North or South or East or West ? " A like question may be 
appropriately put as to the products of denudation of the upheaved Silurian rocks 
prior to the deposition of the Mountain Limetone and its basment conglomerate ? 
Consequent on the folding of the rocks the basement bed of the Silurian and 
that of the Carboniferous may be seen in close proximity at Austwick Beck Head. 
Phases of denudation in active progress may be studied in the various valleys 
— from King's Dale, which has not yet eaten through the scar limestone, to 
Ribblesdale, where the Silurian rocks are already laid haLie. 
The perched rocks on the limestone at Norber are one of the most interesting 
features of the glacial epoch. Possibly the shell marl near Southwaite was 
deposited in more recent times in a hollow scooped out during the sama period. 
Mr. E. Hawkesworth writes : — This excursion will afford an opportunity to 
the geologists of continuing the study of the pre-Carboniferous rocks of Yorkshire, 
supplementing the observations made in the two previous years of those rocks as 
they occur in the Ingle ton and Horton areas respectively. Time will only allow a 
detailed examination of one or two critical sections, but will be sufficient for those 
present to see the salient features of the geology of the district, which, though 
limited in area, presents a variety of interesting problems. The very oldest rocks 
of the two areas previously visited are not seen in the Crummack district. On the 
other hand, the Bala Beds (Coniston Limestone series) are well represented, and 
in some of the sections to be visited, their characteristic fossils should be found. 
Geologists owe a deep debt of gratitude to Prof. T. Mc. K. Hughes for his 
lucid descriptions and illustrations of the district, and those intending to be present 
are urged to read them up. (See under Books and Maps ), He classifies the rocks 
as follows : — 
A. Silurian — a. Grits of Rough Lands, 
b. Studfold Sandstone. 
c. Horton Flags {ca. 2000 ft.) 
d. Austwick Grit {ca. looo ft.) 
e. Austwick Flags [ca. 400 ft.) 
/. Pale Slates (and Red Shale). 
g. Graptolithic Mudstone (with Spengill Limestone, and 
zone of Fhacops elegans. ) 
h. Conglomerate or Calcareous Grit. (Basement Bed of 
Silurian). 
B. Ordovician — Bala Beds. 
All these are highly contorted, and were subject to enormous denudation 
before the Carboniferous rocks were deposited upon their upturned edges. The 
differences in level of the pre-Carboniferous floor will be noted. In Crummack 
Dale the hard Silurian grits attain nearly 1200 feet above sea level, whilst south 
of Norber the softer Bala shales fall to 700 feet. 
According to Prof. Hughes, an area of about two square miles in the 
neighbourhood of Austwick, Crummack, Wharfe, and Wood End provides the 
best sections of the upper part of the Bala Beds in the district. Special attention 
will be devoted to these, but, in passing, the Silurian succession may be noted, 
and, if possible, the Basal beds of the Carboniferous system will be examined. 
There is a most instructive section of these under Norber Brow, showing, laid upon 
the older rocks, a considerable thickness of conglomerate, of varying texture, 
containing fossils. 
Geologists will scarcely care to leave the district without seeing the famous 
group of erratic blocks on Norber, which can be traced to their source in the 
outcrop of Austwick Grits, in Crummack Dale. 
In addition to any more detailed study of these items of intense interest that 
may be found advisable, those spending the week-end in the district will find 
ample employment in observing the effects of the Craven Faults, and collecting 
fossils from the Carboniferous Limestone, whilst a visit to the Ingleborough Cave 
may be an attraction to some. 
Note. — Mr. Johns will explain the position of the zoning of the Carboniferous 
rocks, and Mr. Hawkesworth and Mr. Robinson will perform a like duty respecting 
the earlier strata. 
Mosses and Hepatics. — The Yorkshire Bryological Committee will be 
officially represented by the Chairman, Mr. W. Ingham, B.A. 
