928 
MAN(iANKSS DEVOSITS OF INDIA: DESCRIPTIVE. [PaRT IV. 
excavating, the latter payment being for the piirpo.se of recompensing 
the coolies for the work of removing the worthless material as well as 
the valuable ore. At the time of my visit (February 1904) the 
contractor had stopped this second payment and as a result the 
coolies, who had, of course, to do a certain amount of dead-work 
to get at the ore, were, instead of removing the refuse to the dumps, 
piling it on the ridges and pinnacles of quartzite that had been left in 
the pit as the result of the previous bad work. This method of work 
explains the gravel-pit-like appearance of the excavation as shown in 
Plate 41, figure 1. 
This was, of course, only a temporary phase of the working, and 
in December 1906 none of the waste was lying in the quarry, but had 
all been carried out. Although the depth had been greatly increased 
the same tendency to work at the ore-bands and leave the intervening 
layers of quartzite, etc., as upstanding ridges was noticeable. Such 
a method of work is of course largely due to the natural objection the 
coolies take to quarrying the barren quartzites, etc., for which they are 
paid at a much lower rate tbaii for the manganese-ore, and unless con- 
stantly supervised they invariably, both here and at all the other mines, 
work at the ore as long as they can and only remove the ' country ' or 
barren rock when they can no longer get at the ore with ease. During 
1907, however, a commencement has been made in working away 
the ' country ' on either side of the deposit in a series of horizontal 
slices or steps, the intention being to work the deposit regularly bench 
by bench. The question is — How long will it pay to work in this way 
both this and many other deposits, without resorting to mining ? 
A 4-inch centrifugal pump driven by a small vertical engine has been 
put in to remove the water that enters the pit and forms pools of 
water in all the deeper parts. The water is baled from the various 
pools to the sump, two men throwing the water from one pool to 
another by means of a kerosine-oil tin fixed to the middle of a 
couple of ropes, the opposite ends of which are held by the men. From 
the sump the water is pumped out of the quarry. 
The ore is carried to Tharsa station, a distance of about 7 miles, over 
the Central India Mining Company's steam-tramway. 
The output of manganese-ore from this deposit from 1904 (when the 
figures were first kept separate from those of Ware- 
gaon and other deposits) to 1907 is as follows : — 
Year. Long tons. 
1904 . • ■ ■ • • 3-063 
1905 8,379 
1906 •''>'340 
1907 3,938 
