990 
MANGANESE DEPOSITS OP INDIA : DESCRIPTIVE. [ ParT IV : 
says that the lateritic bed of Bidar is 28 miles from E. S. E. to W. N W. 
and 22 miles from W. S. W. to E. N. E., and has an average 
thickness of 100 feet, rising to a maximum of 200.' Bidar town is 
situated on it at an elevation of about 2,330 feet. After giving one of the 
best descriptions to be found anywhere of the physical characters and 
structure of laterite, Nowbold comes to the occurrence of the 
manganese -ore. His description is worth quoting in full. He says-: — 
' At the western base of the cliffs, about 16 miles W. by N. from Beder and 
I5 miles from Hvilfergah, on the Isft of the road leading do .vn from the table land 
into the plain, the laterite is seen penetrated by a great number of veins, which 
at first sight, from their dark aspect and singular direction, might be taken for 
those of basalt. They are composed of black often earthy manganese combined 
with iron. The veins are extremely tortuous, and crossing each other in every 
direction, and give a reticulated appearance to the rock. On the sides of the 
veins the laterite is so hard as to stand out in relief from the weathered portions 
of the rock. The veins are usually thicker near the bottom of the cliii fining off as 
they ascend until they are gradually lost in the substance of the laterite : others 
are horizontal. As they diminish from an inch to a line in thickness, they gradually 
lose the deep bluish black colour, becoming mixed \\ ith the matter of the matrix 
and pass into a brown, yellov,ish brown, and lastly, a purplish thread which is lost 
in substance of the rock. 
' The bluish black substance of the veins is compact and hard, in some parts; 
sectile and earthy in others, easily frangible'. 
Newbold 3 also mentions a similar occurrence at Kalyana (Calliany 
of Newbold) in the Bidar district, and n another place 4 refers to — 
' Veins of amethystine quartz in the vicinity of Hyderabad, near which I 
detected manganese ' . 
It is also said ^ that 'iron and steel sands with manganese' occur in 
the Hyderabad territories. 
Kashmir. 
Baden H. Powell ^ mentions the use at Lahore for decolourizing 
glass of peroxide of manganese, variously called ' jugm,' ' missi siya,' 
' nijni'. and ' injam (or ingani)', said to be imported from Kashmir 
and Kabul. 
* Of. cit, p. 989. 
2 Ibid. p. 93. 
3 Journ. Roy. As. Soc, Mil, p. 234, (1840). 
4 Mad. Journ. Lit. Sci.,XL, p. 245, (1840). 
5 Reports by the Juries, Madras Exhibition ( 1857), page 3. 
6 ' Punjab Products', Vol. 1, pp. 25, 113, (1868). 
