1030 MANGANESE DEPOSITS OF INDIA : DESCRIPTIVE. [ PaRT IV : 
of the outcrop is, however, N. N. W. To the S. E. the outcrop ends in 
a small cliff overlooking the valley, and approaches the Durgftmma 
KoUa deposit. From this end of the outcrop a fine view is obtain- 
able over very hilly country in which rugged granite hills predominate, 
the nearer portions being in Bellary and the farther in Mysore. The 
ore is partly the hard grey psilomelane without any admixture of wad, 
and is partly the mixture of these two minerals typical of Ramandrug. 
On top of the outcrop there are little patches of late rite. There are 
also small isolated tubes of laterite going down into the manganese-ore, 
though probably only for a small distance. 
53. Dupgamma KoUa. 
(See Plate 46.) 
This is probably the finest of the Kamataru deposits. It lies 
immediately to the S. E. of Alada-marada Banda. There are here three 
parallel bands of ore of which the lowest lies outside Sandur, in the 
Tonashagiri Reserved Forest of the Bellary District. This is treated as 
a separate deposit under the name of Pilal-marada Gundu. The first 
band forms a bold outcrop on the edge of the S. E. end of the Kama- 
taru plateau along the N. E. side of the triangle of low land. Accord- 
ing to the measurements of Mr. Ghose the length of the outcrop on the 
top of the plateau is 42.3 feet, and the breadth 133 feet. This outcrop 
seems to be composed nearly entirely of the hard grey psilomelane, with 
occasional hematite, and a few lateritic patches. The ores, however, 
also show some of the radiate mineral and some wad and pyrolusite. 
Below the manganese-ore ' bed ' occupying the crest of the ridge there 
is a thickness of iron-ore (hematite altering to limonite), and below this 
the second band of manganese -ore. This gives rise to an overhanging 
cliff 48, feet high at the highest pomt, and 75 paces long. The surface 
of the cliff is very irregular, corroded, and iron-stained, so that it is 
brown, and looks like iron-ore at first sight. Wherever broken into, it 
shows manganese-ore — the hard grey psilomelane with some soft oxide. 
In one place the face of the clifi is covered with pebbles of hematite, 
manganese-ore, and limonite, in a lateritic cement. This coating was 
perhaps deposited in a fissure in the manganese- ore ; the manganese-ore 
on the S. W. side of the fissure then broke off and rolled down the hill- 
side, leaving a portion of the filling adhering to the present cliff of 
manganese-ore. This clifi is illustrated in Plate 46. A little below the 
