6 
BALL AND SIMPSON: COALFIELDS OF INDIA. 
Barakar or lowest stage to 3-81 in the lower seams and 6-86 
per cent, in the upper seams of the Raniganj stage. A similar pro- 
portion appears to obtain in the corresponding stages of the Jharia 
field. 
The quantity of sulphur and phosphorus is very variable in 
different seams, and though often large, coal is to be found suffi- 
ciently free from these impurities for the manufacture of iron and 
steel. The average of 31 assays of coals from Raniganj by Mr. 
Tween^ gave sulphuric acid 0-07 per cent, and phosphoric acid 
0-14 per cent. 
Professor Wyndham Dunstan^ gives the following analyses of 
Raniganj, Jharia and Giridih coals : — 
„ ,o I , Phosphorus Sulphur 
percent. percent. 
Raniganj (average of 34 samples) .... 0-088 0-74 
Jliaria (average of 12 samples) ..... 0-143 0-80 
Giridih (average of 6 samples) 0-019 0-62 
(ii). The Jurassic Coalfields. 
Coal of Upper Jurassic age occurs in Kutch. Mr. A. B. Wynne 
in his memoir on the Geology of Kutch,^ 
mentions several localities where coal has been 
worked to some small extent. The workings at Trombow were 
apparently the largest and here, a seam, measuring 16 inches, con- 
tained only 8 inches of good coal, the remainder being shale. The 
seams appear to be so thin and inconstant and the coal 
so brittle and intermixed with shale that they cannot be considered 
of any economic importance. 
The occurrence of lignite in the Lower Jurassic rocks of the 
Trans-Indus Salt Range has frequently excited 
Rani^e"^"''^''"^ comment. The deposits are found amongst 
variegated sandstones and shales and are usually 
associated with pyritous shales. The seams are thin and 
1 Rec, 0. 8. I., X, p. 156 (J877). 
« Rec, Geol. Surv. Ind., Vol. XXXIII, pp. 246-253 (1906V 
8 Mem., Gcol. Surv. Ind., Vol. IX, p. 86 fl872). 
