16 
MANGANESE DEPOSITS OF INDIA : INTRODUCTION [ PaRT I : 
Spain :— 
1. FucHS & Launay, pp. 22-25, (1893). 
2. J. A. Jones, 'The Covadonga Manganese District and its Mines ', Trans. Inst 
Min. Met.,lll, pp. 263-274, (1894-95). 
3. F. Johnson, 'The Manganese Deposits of Huelva', Ihid., pp. 276-284. 
4. C. DoETSCH ' The Manganese Ore Deposits of the Province of Hue va', The 
Mining Journal, 7th Dec. 1901, p. 1529. 
Sweden :— 
1 Numerous papers quoted in Stelzner-Bekgeat, pp. ''0, 241 , (1904) 
2. Beck & Weed, pp. 104-106, (1905). 
3. J. D Weeks. (K. A. Wallrotii), Min. Res. V. 8., 1894-95. pp. 449-451 
1895-96, pp. 217-220. 
Turkey :— 
1. ' The Mineral Industry ', VII, XIII, XIV, (1898, 1904,1905). 
2. L. DoMiNiAN, 'Mining in Turkey', Engineering Min. Jour., 4th Aug. 1904 
p. 185. 
3. B. Nog ARA, ' Mining in Turkey ', Mining Mag., XIII, pp. 13-14, (1906). 
Nature of Manganese and its Distribution in Nature ^ 
Manganese in the elementary form is a metal belonging to the man- 
- ^ ^ . ,^ ganese-iron group of elements, comprising man- 
Nature of Manganese. ^ • ^ ^ t • \ ^ ■ ^ 
ganese, iron, cobalt, and nickel, which, owing to 
their more or less similar chemical properties, often occur in association 
in Nature. When pure, metaUic manganese is said to be of a greyish 
white colour. It is, for a metal, extremely hard, cutting both glass and 
hardened steel. In the following table some of its physical constants 
are compared with those of the other members of the group. 2 
Table 1. 
Physical constants of the manganese-iron group of elements. 
Symbol. 
Atomic 
weight. 
Specific 
gravity. 
Atomic 
volume. 
Specific 
heat. 
Melting 
point. 
Manganese .... 
Mn. 
550 
800 
6-9 
0-110 
C. 
1245" 
Iron .... 
Fe. 
55-9 
7-86 
7-1 
0114 
1600° 
Nickel' .... 
Ni. 
58-7 
8-80 
6-7 
0108 
1470° 
Cobalt .... 
Co. 
59-0 
8-80 
6-7 
0-104 
1530* 
1 See also the very interesting work by R. A. F. Penrose, Jr., An. Hep. Ocol. Surv. 
Arkansas for 1890, Vol. I, ' Manganese : Its Uses, Ores and Deposits' , pp. 1 to 56 ; and a 
more recent paper by G. Bertrand entitled ' Le Manganese dans la nature ', published 
in the Eevue Oenerale de Chimie, VIII, pp. 205 to 217,(1905). 
2 Roberts- Austen, 'An Introduction to the Study of Metallurgy ', jjp. 79, 73, (1898), 
with severa alterations in accordance with later research' 
