192 
MANGANESE DEPOSITS OF INDIA : MiNERALOOY. [ PauT I 
Ilvaite. 
Tliis is a black orthorhombic mineral of specific gravity about 4 and 
hardness 5 '5 to 6. It is a sub-silicate of the formula CaFe"2Fe'"Si209, in 
which a portion of the ferrous iron is usually replaced by manganese. 
The analyses given by Dana show O'Ti to 8-66% of MnO. Ilvaite 
has not yet been identified in association with the manganese-ore 
deposits of India. But it is mentioned in E. Balfour's catalogue of 
the Rev. Mr. Muzzy 's collection from the Madura district ^ that it 
has been found in this district ; he says ' Yenite, is abundant, com- 
posing a cliff in a small mountain, some three or four miles in length, 
Madura.'' Whilst J. H. Nelson 2, ii^ giving an account of Muzzy's 
collection, records the occurrence of crystallized, massive, and granular 
yenite, and a variety of lievrite near Pi;da-kudi, about 22 miles N.-W. 
of Madura. Yenite and lievrite are old names of this mineral, now 
no longer used. The record of the occurrence of the mineral given 
above is to be considered doubtful. 
Carpholile. 
This mineral is a hydrous sub-silicate corresponding to the formula 
2H20.MnO.Alo03.2Si02, in which a portion of the alumina may be 
replaced by ferric oxide and a portion of the manganese protoxide by 
small quantities of lime and magnesia. It is usually foimd in radiate 
and stellate tufts of some shade of yellow, typically a straw-yellow. 
It is a rare mineral, originally found in the Schlackenwald, Bohemia, 
but since discovered at a few other localities. 
This mineral has not yet been definitely identified in India. But 
at Kajlidongri a bright yellow mineral is found in little veinlets, 2 to 4 
inches thick, that traverse the ore in cross-cut 7 (see Plate 19). These 
veinlets consist of quartz, albite-felspar, and this yellow mineral, with a 
certain proportion of crimson mica in places. The rock has become 
largely manganized, perhaps by replacement effected by manganese- 
bearing solutions. The yellow mineral looks like yellow asbestos 
and seems to be soft ; but this is probably because, on testing such a finely 
fibrous mineral, the fibres are easily broken. In appearance the mineral 
resembles carpholite more closely than any other mineral in the col- 
lection of the Geological Survey of India. I made a qualitative analysis 
of it and found that it contained siUca, iron, aluminiimi, manganese, 
1 Catal.,Govt. Central Mus., Madras, p. 9,(1855). 
2 'The Madura Country pp. 15, 27, (18(58). 
