CHAPTER XVIII. 
GEOhOGY—ccnitinued. 
Manganese in the Purana, Palaeozoic, and Mesozoic 
Tormations. 
Manganese in the Purana formations — In the Gondwanas — In the Lias — In the 
Lametas — In the Deccan Trap. 
Manganese in the Purana Formations, 
Manganese has been found in small quantities only in the rock groups 
classed as the Purana formations. In a few cases it may have been in- 
troduced into the rock in which it occurs at the time of deposition of that 
rock ; but in the majority of cases the manganese-ores found in these 
formations are of secondary origin and have been formed by the percola- 
tion of manganiferous waters whilst the rocks lay at the surface, with the 
infilling of cavities and cracks, or the superficial replacement of rock. 
The writings of Newbold and Aytotm indicate the presence, in the 
Manganese iu the Hmestones and quartzites of the Kaladgi series of 
Kaladgi formation. the Belgaum and Bijapur districts, of numerous 
veins of manganese -ore (see pages 633 and 640). But Foote referring to 
the Bijapur district states his inability to find these ntxmerous occurrences 
of manganese -ore in the Kaladgi rocks (page 641) ; hence it must be 
regarded as doubtful if manganese-ores occur in this formation, except 
perhaps very rarely. 
Several occurrences of manganese-ores have been found in the rocks 
Manganese in tlie of the Bijawar formation, apart from those that are 
Bijawar formation. obviously the result of replacement or impregnation 
at the surface outcrops. Thus at Sontulai in the Hoshangabad district 
there is an occurrence of what seems, although it is not properly exposed, 
to be a bed of manganese- ore (an inferior wad) intercalated between some 
quartzose and brecciate rocks that are apparently of Bijawar age. It 
is not certain, however, that this is a true bed formed at the time of 
deposition of the enclosing rocks ; for this body of manganese-ore may 
equally have been the result of the replacement, along a line of porosity 
or brecciation, of the pre-existing Bijawar rocks (page 802). Unfortunately 
the occurrence is of no economic importance, so that it has not been 
opened up. A specimen of psilomelane brought from Behat in the 
Gwalior State came in all probability from this formation. 
