Chap. XXI.] 
HISTORY : MADRAS . 
421 
original discovery was made, according to Mr. Turner by noticing 
that railway contractors were breaking up the blocks of manganese- 
ore for ballast. The first export was of 671 tons in 1892, although 
this has not been recorded in the mineral statistics. Tn 1895 the syn- 
dicate was converted into the Vizianagram Mining Company, Ltd., 
with a capital of £30,600, and Messrs. Arbuthnot and Company of 
Madras as agents. About this time also the Garbham deposit 2, the 
largest yet found in the district, was discovered, and from an output 
of 15,816 tons in 1895 the output of the district jumped to 56,869 in 
1896, and then rose to a maximum of 92,458 tons in 1900. This corre- 
sponded with the maximum of price. Then, pari passu with the price, 
the output decreased to 53,699 tons in 1904, and from 63,679 tons in 
1905 leapt up to 104,600 tons in 1906. This last increase was largely 
due to the fact that the sudden increase of prices during 1906 allowed 
of the export of ferruginous manganese-ores (manganiferous iron-ores), 
of which 39,186 tons, containing less than about 40 per cent, manganese, 
are included in the total for this year given above. The present Manager 
of the Vizianagram Mining Company's mines is Mr. Tom Caplen. 
The success of the Vizianagram Mining Company naturally brought 
Gordon, Woodroffe & others into the field. In 1898 Messrs. 
Co.,Kovooii Basiviroddy, Gordon, Woodroffe and Company and Kovoori 
A. s. N. & Co. Basivireddy, both of Coconada, jointly 
acquired various deposits in this district and extracted a certain 
amount of ore. After about 2 years, however, they were compelled to 
stop work on account of law suits with the Vizianagram Satnasthanam. 
Messrs. A. S. N. & Co. (A. Subha Naidu), mica-mine owners of Indu- 
kurpet, Nellore, also secured some deposits — at Sivaram and other 
places— and worked them for one year during 1900 to 1901, and again 
in 1906, up till when, however, no ore had been exported. 
During 1905 and 1906, the Madras Manganese Company, with Mr. 
S. Crawshaw of Vizianagram as manager, started work on several 
The Madras Maiio-an- deposits situated within reach of Chipurupalli and 
ese Company and Bobbili Garividi stations. Some of these. Such as Garividi, 
Mining Co., Ltd. Devada, and Garbham, must be extensions of the 
deposits of the same name worked by the Vizianagram Mining Company. 
Others, such as Gadabavalsa and Lakshmipuram, are new discoveries. 
During 1906, fifteen deposits were worked, with an output of 4,366 tons 
1 Jour. Iron Steel Inst., No. II for 1896, p. 156. 
2 Ibid., p. 157. 
