Chap. XXII.] 
FOREIGN PEODUCTION. 
since been on the down grade, and, since September, 1907, have fallen 
i-apidly, to 10 pence in February. 1908. and then to 9 pence in 
August, 1908 ; and this decline will no doubt seriously affect the 
Indian output for 1908. 
The growth of the Indian manganese-ore industry and its importance 
Comparison of Indian compared with that of other countries can be 
and foreign manganese-ore best Understood from the following table, in 
production. ^^^^ ^^.^ gj^.^j^ Output figures of all the 
manganese-ore producing countries for the last ten years. These figures 
are taken mainly from the ' Mineral Industry ', and are expressed in 
metric tons. Where it has been necessary to convert long tons into 
metric tons, it has been done on the basis of 1 long ton = 2.240 lbs., 
and 1 metric ton (IjOOO kilogrammes) = 2,204-62 lbs. In figure 27 the 
production from 1890 to 1906 of the four countries, India, Russia, Brazil, 
and Spain, the only ones that have ever produced 100.000 tons oi 
manganese-ore in one year, is shown graphically. 
In table 40 similar figures are given for the output o manganiferous 
iron-ores. According to the practice in the United States of regarding 
aU ores containing less than 11 per cent, manganese as manganiferous 
iron-ores rather than as manganese -ores, a certain proportion of the 
Indian production (say -50,000 tons in 1906) should be classed under 
this heading. 
In table il I have given the totals for the annual output of the whole 
world of manganese-ores and manganiferous iron-ores. It wiU be seen 
that the production of manganese-ores has increased from 368,671 tons 
in 1890 to 1,44.5,196 tons in 1906, and of manganiferous iron-ores from 
245,572 in 1890 to 922,751 in 1905. 
