CHAPTER XXIIL 
ECONOMICS & Mimm— continued. 
Labour and Costs of Production. 
Labour — Labour obtainable — Coolie wages — Contract and departmental labour 
— Absence of mining castes — Average daily number of workers — Benclits of the 
manganese iudustry. 
Costs of mining and transport — Cost of m ning — Of transport to railway — Of 
railway transport to port of shipment — -Of handling at port of shipment — Of shipping 
to Europe and America — Insurance — Destination charges — Total costs of mining 
manganese-ore in India and putting it c.i. f. at foreign ports — Comparison of the 
cost of production of Indian, Russian, and Brazilian manganese-ores. 
Royalty. 
Labour. 
There is a considerable variation in the labour conditions obtaining in 
, . , , the different manganese-mining areas. The best 
Labour obtamable. • t i , t m , 
mmers 1 have seen are the Telugu-speakmg 
natives of the Vizagapatam district,who seem to work considerably harder 
than the coolies employed in Central India and the Central Provinces. In 
Vizagapatam there seems to be no difficulty in obtaining a sufficiency 
of labour locally ; but in Central India and the Central Provinces there 
is often considerable difficulty in obtaining a sufficient number of coolies 
to keep the mines in full work. In Jhabua in Central India, the natives 
are Bhils, who, apart from being rather lazy and casual in attendance, 
cannot be obtained in sufficient numbers ; an additional supply of labour 
has therefore to be imported from other areas, such as Gujaratis from 
Ahmadabad. In the Central Provinces the labour locally obtainable con- 
sists of Hindus and the aboriginal Gonds. Here also the supply of labour 
is much less than the requirements, and consequently a further supply is 
imported from other parts of the Central Provinces, such as Raipur, and 
from other parts of India, such as Kachh in the Bombay Presidency. In 
Mysore the workers locally obtainable are Kanarese — mostly Lingayats — , 
Waddas, and Lambadis ; whilst Moplahs from Malabar, Waddas from 
Vellore in North Arcot, and coolies from the Western Ghats, are imported. 
In the Sandur Hills it seems that no labour is locally obtainable and 
that it has all to be imported. The imported coolies consist of Kanarese 
and Lambadis from the districts of Bijapur, Dharwar, and Bellary, 
