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MANGANESE DEPOSITS OF INDIA: ECONOMICS. [PaRT III : 
to an addition of about 1 rupee to the cost per ton of ore, and 10 tons per 
1 .000 cubic f e et to an addition of about 8 annas. Since under certain 
circumstance s ground of this richness would be worked it will be seen that 
to the cost of 8 annas to 1 rupee paid per ton of stacked ore, there is 
another addition, ranging from 1 anna to 1 rupee per ton, to be made 
for the volume of cavity made in winning the ore. This gives a total of 
9 annas to 2 rupees as the amount per ton of ore extracted actually 
paid to the contractor. This payment by volume of cavity made is 
more generally applied to detrital deposits where the proportion of ore 
to waste is very variable and the ground is soft so that the cavities can 
be squared up for measurement, than to solid ore-bodies, where blasting 
is necessary, and it is impossible to square up cavities for measurement. 
In the latter case the 'deads' obtained from the ore-body are added 
to those obtained from the walls of the deposit and measured with them 
At Kumsi in Mysore the payment made is Rs. 20 per 1,000 cubic feet of 
excavation in the ore- body. This includes breaking up the ore and 
removing the spoil, but not the ore from the working face ; no payment 
is made on stacked ore. 
There are however many other items that come into the cost 
of a ton of ore. Thus there is the cost of carrying out deadwork. This 
is sometimes paid on the size of cavity made. In one case in the Central 
Provinces it ranged from Rs. 35 to Rs. 60 per 1,000 cubic feet of cavity 
made, according to the nature of the rock to be quarried. In Sandur 
Rs. 20 per 1,000 cubic feet of cavity is paid for all-round earth- work. In 
many cases, however, the deadwork is paid for according to the volume 
as measured in tubs or stacks. The rates for this may be put at Rs. 6 
to Rs. 50 per 1,000 cubic feet according to nature of rock being quarried, 
the lower rates (6 — 15) being the more usual. It is of course not possible 
for me to calculate what addition this makes to the cost per ton of ore. 
It all depends on the amount of deadwork carried out. In cases when 
the working is carried out on the principle of taking out all the easily-won 
ore and neglecting all deadwork, except that absolutely necessary for the 
winning of the ore actually being extracted, this charge is very small. 
But when the management show any foresight and keep the future life of 
their deposits in view, doing a considerable amount of deadwork con- 
currentlv with the work of winning the ore, this addition may be 
considerable. There is also the cost of mining tools, such as drills, ham 
mers, crowbars, and shovels, and plant, such as ropeways, inclines, rails, 
and pumping machines, to be taken into account ; and also the upkeep 
of the mining establishment and local offices. It is not possible for me 
