Chap. XXIII.] cost of transport to railway. 
475 
to give the figure that should be added to the foregoing to give the true 
cost of putting a ton of ore on the stacks ready for despatch from the mine. 
The total costs o f mirdug (iiiduding establishment) are, however, placed 
by varioaa men engaged in tlie n.anganese-mining industry at Rs.1-8 
to Rs. 3 per t(m, and in exceptional cases as low as Rs.l to Rs.1-4, or as 
high as Rs. 3-8 to Rs. -i, per ton. From these figures we can deduce that 
the cost of deadwork, mining plant and tools, and administration, is equi- 
valent to an average addition of about 1 rupee per ton, in some cases 
falling as low as about 8 annas and in others rising as high as Rs.1-8. 
The figures given above apply only to the Central Provinces. I do 
not know what the total mining costs are for Jhabua, but I should think 
they are about equal to the lower value for the Central Provinces, say 
to about Rs.1-4: to Rs.1-8 per ton. In Vizagapatam on the other hand 
the costs of mining are probably sometimes about the same as in the 
Central Provinces ; but they must often be considerably greater, especially 
at such a mine as Kodur. For there, although labour is cheaper, such 
a large amount of deadwork has to be done per ton of ore won, and sucb 
a lot of expensive pumping, apart from the distance the ore has to be 
carried up out of the pit, that I should not think the cost per ton 
can be less than Rs. 4 to Rs. 5. At some of the other deposits the 
cost may be a little less ; but probably the usual total cost per ton can 
be fairly put as ranging from Rs. 3 to Rs. 6. The actual rate paid to 
the contractors I ascertained, when in the district in 1904, to be Rs. 15 
per 1,000 cubic feet of ore won, and Rs. 6 to Rs. 15 per 1,000 cubic feet of 
cavity made. Though these rates are considerably less than those paid 
in the Central Provinces, yet it must be remembered that the propor- 
tion of ore to cavity made is usually much less than in the Central 
Provinces. In Mysore the total costs of mining may be put at Rs. 2 
to Rs. 3-8, averaging about Rs. 2-8. In Sandur they probably work 
out at about Rs. 3. 
All things considered, the cost of mining (including administration) 
Cost of transport to the noticed in the foregoing section is small in com- 
railway. parison with the total freight or transport 
charges incurred by the time the ore reaches the smelting centres. The 
first freight charge is that of transporting the ore from the mine to the 
railway. When the industry first started all this transport was effected by 
means of bullock-carts. These carry from | to | of a ton, according to the 
size of the cart, and the extent to which the cartman likes to have his 
bullocks loaded up. The cost of bullock-cart transport varies consider- 
III E 2 
