Chap. XXIII.] cost of shipping to markets. 
483 
outside the surf. An occasional loss of ore is suffered in this process 
through the capsizing of a surf-boat. In the case of one company the 
shippers charge Rs. 1-2 per ton from railway wagons to ship ; in 
addition to this there are port dues of 2 annas a ton to be paid. 
At the port of Mormugao the Southern Mahratta Railway^ has 
, charge of the shipping arrangements. Conse- 
irmugao. quently the Railway Company quotes not only 
freight rates from the forwarding station, but also the charges incurred at 
the Port, grouping the latter under the heading of wharf dues. The total 
of freight rates plus wharf dues include the loading of the ore into trucks 
at the forwarding station, unloading it at the stacking ground at Mormu- 
gao Harbour, loading again into trucks and putting the ore into trays 
alongside the steamers ; they do not include, however, the cost of 
hauling on board or distributing the ore in the holds of the steamers. 
The cost of hauling on board comes to 1 anna per ton, and the trimming 
in the hold is included in the steamer freight rates. The wharf dues 
charged by the Southern Mahratta Railway are now Rs. 1-2, but were 
formerly only 9 annas per ton. Including the 1 anna for loading on 
board the total charges now incvu^red at the Port of Mormugao are 
Rs. 1-3. 
The ocean freight rates charged for carrying manganese-ore from 
Indian ports to those of England, the Continent, 
Cost of shipping to Europe ^nd America, depend on whether it is shipped 
and America. , , '■ , , • i , r- • 
as whole cargo, or as dead weight formmg 
only a portion of the cargo. From Bombay whole cargoes are 
often sent, but part cargoes only are shipped from Calcutta. 
The rates from Bombay to England and the Continent, are stated ^ 
to have been, in August 1906, 16 shillings for whole cargoes and 
14 to 15 shillings for part cargoes ; whilstt he ordinary variation in 
freight rates for manganese-ore from Bombay is between 15 and 20 shil- 
lings per ton to England and the Continent, and 161 to 20 shillings to 
America. A fair average rate is probably about 16 shillings or Rs. 12 to 
England and the Continent, and 18 shillings or Rs. 1.3-8 to America. 
At present (September 1907), however, the rates are up and are stated 
to be 17-| shillings for part cargoes and 19 for full cargoes to the United 
Kingdom, and 20 shillings for full cargoes to America. In Calcutta there 
is a liner's conference, which has fixed the minimum rate o£ freight on ore 
1 1 am indebted to the Traffic Manager, S. M. R., for the following information. 
2 C. E. Low, Gazetteer of the B41aghat District, page 231, (l'J07^. 
