484 
MANGANESE DEPOSITS OF INDIA: ECONOMICS. [PaRT III : 
to English and Continental ports at 15 shillings a ton, though it has been 
as low as 10 shillings for part cargoes. It is said, however, that this rate 
(1.5s.) is not often obtainable unless steamers are short of other cargo, 
and that 17 shillings and 6 pence is a fair average rate. This is equi- 
valent to Rs. 13-2 per ton. 
The rates from the port of Vizagapatam are usually about the same 
as those from Calcutta. They^re now (September 1907) up and said to 
be as high even as 22 shillings for full cargoes, and a little less for part 
cargoes when such are obtainable. These rates probably apply to ore 
shipped to America, however, and would be less for United Kingdom 
and Continental ports. 
The rates from Mormugao vary from 12 to 20 shillings according to 
the state of the freight market and were stated to be 18 1 to 20 shillings 
in August 1907, for fuU cargoes to United Kingdom ports. 
It is also customary to insure the cargo against loss. This is reckoned 
by adding 10 per cent, to the c.i.f. sale price of 
Insurance. ^-^^ ore, and taking f per cent, of this value. 
On a 50 per cent, ore the marine insurance would therefore vary from 3f 
annas to G| annas per ton, according as the c.i.f. value of the ore varied 
from 9 to 16 pence per unit. In the estimate (page 486) of the total cost 
of putting the ore c././. on the market I have included this charge in the 
ocean freight. 
When the ore arrives at the port of destination there are various 
other charges to be incurred before it can be deli- 
Destination charges. ^^^^^ buyers. These may include port 
dues, unloading from ship, costs of sampling and assapng, and brokerage 
and agency at destination. The only figure I have for the total of these 
charges is Rs. 2 per ton. The detailed charges as given to me by 
Mr. Aubert for average cases are the follo\nng : — 
Force. 
1. Check weighing by buyers on arrival ..... 1 
•2. First sampling and analysis paid by sellers (the buyers also pay the 
same amount, if they haven't their ovm men) .... 6 
If the sellers' and buyers' analyses differ by more than 1 per cent., 
a reference analysis is made by a recognized firm of analysts. 
3. Home agents commission, generally li percent., on f.o.h. price 
of ore, which would vary from 3 J to 9 pence on a 50 per cent, 
ore according as the f.o.b. price varied from 5 to 12 pence, 
corresponding to a c.i.f. price of 1) to 16 pence, assuming an 
average freight of 17 shillings . . . . . . 3J — i) 
