542 
MAXGAXESE DEPOSITS OF INDIA: ECONOMICS. [PaRT III : 
the export value of the manganese-ore, since it was exported in the raw 
condition, was only Rs. 3,65,61,913 or £2,437,461 ; from which we see 
that India has suffered a loss of Rs. 13,51,66,817 or £9,011,119, or, 
say, roughly 131 crores of rupees or 9 millions sterling, during the 15 
years 1892 to 1906, through not manufacturing ferro- manganese in 
the country. The loss for the year 1906 alone may be put at 6 
crores of rupees or 4 millions sterling ; and for the present year (1907), 
in which prices for ferro-manganese rule lower, the loss calculated in this 
wav will probably not be less than 1-| to 2 millions sterling. 
The above potential losses considerably overstep the mark, however, 
for the reason that if all the manganese-ore mined in India were worked 
up in the country into ferro-manganese, the demand for the ferro pro- 
duced would not be as great as it is at present for the manganese-ore. 
For those countries in which there are furnaces set aside for the manu- 
facture of ferro-manganese would, if deprived of their Indian supplies 
of manganese-ore, do their best to obtain the ore required from other 
countries, such as Russia ; for the steel companies naturally prefer to 
make their own manganese-ore and secure the profits on its manufacture, 
to bupng the substance ready-made, when the profits go to some one 
else. There are, however, many steel manufacturers who do not manu- 
facture their own ferro-manganese, and these would no doubt be willing 
to buy Indian ferro-manganese if the price were favourable as compared 
to that of ferro from other sources. Hence we see that the true 
potential loss is less than given in the preceding paragraphs ; but how 
much it is impossible to say. 
In any case the potential loss to India through ferro-manganese not 
being made in the country is so large, that the enormous exports of man- 
ganese-ore year by year cannot be a matter of congratulation to the 
country. For although they mean employment to some 10,000 
coolies, a considerable number of cartmen, a small number of skilled 
workmen and mining men, and a considerable income to the railways 
and mine o\TOers, yet each ton of ore that goes out of the coimtry means 
the loss of a certain amount of employment to men who might be 
employed in the smelting of the ore into ferro-manganese. Further, 
each ton of ore that goes out of the country means a smaller 
amount of ore left against the time when the iron and steel industry 
becomes a large and flourishing one in India. It would be a great pity, 
considering how excellently India has been endowed by Nature with 
many of the materials — iron-ore, manganese-ore, chrome-ore, and wolf- 
