CHAPTER XXVII. 
ECONOMICS & Mimm^ontinued. 
The Mining or Quarrying of Manganese-ores— cow^tZ. 
The methods actually used in u'orking the Imlian mam/anese-ore deposits— Indian 
manganese quarries legally mines — Classification of deposits — Brief description of 
method of working Indian deposits — Gravity-inclines and ropeways — Mining tram 
ways and railways — Sampling — Deposits often badly worked — Waste of smalls and 
dust; — Waste of low grade and siliceous lump ores — Possibility of washing, concentrat- 
ing, and briquetting. smalls and fines. 
Methods of milling, concentrating, ami briquetting manganese-ores tised abroad — Bri- 
quetting in Brazil — Hydraulicking and washing in Virginia — Mining, washing, etc., in 
Panama — ilining of manganese deposits in other parts of the world. 
The grant of mineral concessions in India. 
The Methods Actually Used in Working the Indian Manganese-ore 
Deposits. 
We can now consider the methods actually employed for the extrac- 
tion of the Indian manganese- ores. In the first place it must be remarked 
that owing to the occurrence of large bodies of ore at the surface, the ore of 
which can be won with Uttle trouble, practically all Indian manganese 
extraction comes under the head of quarrying. In rare instances, such 
as at Kodur, Ramandrug, and BikonhalU, small tunnels have been driven 
into the quarryside or hillside, in order to extract ore, or test the extension 
of the deposit below the level at w^hich work was actually being carried 
on. Such timnels can be put under the head, of mining ; but this is all 
that can be so described. There is of course no doubt that in India the 
conditions — chiefly the presence of large quantities of high-grade ore at or 
close to the surface, and the cheapness of the labour — greatly favour 
quarrying as compared with mining. But, there is also little doubt that 
considerable portions of the ore-bodies in some parts of India lie at such 
depths below the surface that they can be worked only by true mining 
methods. And to me it seems there is little doubt that in years to 
come, after the more-easily-won portions of the deposits Ipng near the 
surface have been removed, it will be found necessary to resort to mining 
And with a view to this some of the manganese companies and syndicates 
will probably find it desirable to test the extension of their deposits, below 
the depths at which they are at present working, by means of bore-holes, 
