582 
MANGANESE DEPOSITS OF INDIA: ECONOMICS. [PaRT IIT : 
ITT — Colourin2 C t'^lico-printing and dyeing. 
i • 1 ^ Colouring glass, pottery, tiles and bricks, 
matenals. } ^^^^^ 
^''"^^^ 1 Violet. 
IV. — Various lesser ohemical, manufacturing and medical purposes. 
V. — Occasionally as a gem when in the form of rhodonite or .spessartite, 
VI. — Occasionally as a flux in smelting silver-ores. 
I do not propose to discuss here each of the applications of manganese 
mentioned in the preceding table. That will be found already accom- 
plished, as far as they had been discovered up to 1890, in the most 
interesting fashion in the work of Penrose just quoted. But I shall 
notice briefly the most important uses, namely^in the metallurgy of iron 
and steel, and a few of the others as applied to India. 
Uses in Metallurgy 
In all probability at least 90% of the world's output of manganese- 
History of the applica- Consumed in the manufacture of iron and 
tion of manganese in tlie steel. It wiU therefore be interesting to trace 
iron and steel industry. ^^.j^g^ j^j^^^^.^ manganese in the 
iron and steel industry. Between the years 1799 and 1837 various 
patents were taken for the use of manganese in metallurgy. In 1830 
David Mushet even succeeded in making a low-grade ferro- manganese 
containing 30% of manganese. Josiah Marshall Heath, however, in 
1839, was the first to conduct experiments on a large scale and bring 
manganese into general use in the iron and steel industry. Heath 
was a Madras civilian who abandoned the Indian Civil Service to take 
up the development of the iron industry of Southern India. He 
attempted to make use of the low-grade iron-ores used by the natives 
of Porto Novo in the North Arcot district, in the manufacture of ivooiz, 
a variety of steel produced by cementation in crucibles. According 
to Penrose^ on whom this account is based, and for whose book see for the 
references to the literature of the subject : — 
' He not only succeeded in this, but also completely revolutionized the steel 
industry of England. His original object was to improve both malleable iron 
and cast steel. In the first case he mixed with the cast or plate-iron, while fused 
in the puddling furnace, from 1 to 5 per cent of pureo.xide of manganese, the scs- 
quioxide being preferred. In the second case he mixed in the crucible, with the 
materials to be converted to steel, from I to 3 per cent of what he called carburet 
of manganese. The latter consisted of a manganese pig corresponding to white 
iron pig, and was composed of metallic manganese with a small proportion of carbon. 
1 Loc, cit., p. 13. 
