590 
MUS'GAKESE DEPOSITS OF INDIA: ECONOMICS. [PaET II[ : 
Vizagapatam (0"20-0"45% P) very much so. The question then arises 
as to what use is made of these ores. Now for the preparation of 20% 
Spiegel it would take "309 tons of manganese-ore of composition 
Manganese . . . . . . . . . . 45 
Iron . . . . . . . . . . 10 
assuming a loss of 25% of manganese in smelting, to give one ton of 20% 
Spiegel, the remainder of the charge being made up of iron-ore in requisite 
quantity (1-36 tons if containing 50% of iron, and the loss in smelting 
were nil). If the iron-ore were absolutely free from phosphorus then 
the maximum possible phosphorus in the manganese-ore, so that the 
Spiegel should not contain more than 0']0% of phosphorus would be 
0'18%. Hence we see that some of the Jhabua and Panch Mahals ores 
could be used for Spiegel, but nut; those of Vizagapatam. 
It is to be noted, however, that although Simmersbach gives 
0'22% P as the upper limit that 80% ferro-manganese should contain, 
he gives analyses of ferro-manganese from various localities showing 
0-20-0 -36% P with 76-85% Mn. Other analyses often show figuree in 
excess of those given by Simmersbach as permissible. Thus Penrose 
gives analyses of spiegeleisen showing 0*002-0'196% P with 8-26% Mn ; 
and analyses of ferro-manganese ehowing 0'005-0'471% P with 40-88% 
Mn. The above deductions as to the employment of the ores of Jhabua 
and the Panch Mahals should therefore be taken with reserve. 
I am told that a considerable proportion of the Indian phosphoric 
, , , , , ores is used in the manufacture of basic mild 
Use of the Indian phos- i i i mi /^-i t ■ i 
phoric ores. steeJ by the Ihomas-Gilchnst process, and pro- 
bably in the basic open-hearth process as well ; 
but whether it is used in the manufacture of the pig required for this 
process or whether it is put into the charge in the steel furnace, I have 
not heard. In either case the excessive amount of phosphorus would pass 
into the slag along with the phosphorus derived from the iron-ores. 
For use in this way Indian phosphoric manganese-ores find their way 
to England, Germany, and America. 
Now manganese has a great affinity for sulphm' and is consequently 
. . used as a de-sulphmizer. I understand that a 
Use ot manganese-ore tcir •iii • ttt i ^ ■ 
(le-sulphurizing. considerable quantity of Indian phosphoric 
ore is used in the smelting of the highly 
phosphoric low-grade oolitic iron-ores (' minettes ') of Luxemburg and 
Lorraine, the manganese-ore being put into the blast-furnace charge ; the 
