CuAi'. XXVIII.] 
iM AN(; ANK S 15- S TEEI. 
product is a phosphoric nonsulphurous pig, the manganese having com- 
bined with the sulphur, which I am told these ores contain in considerable 
quantity, and carried it into the slag. This pig is converted into steel 
by the basic process. 
There is also a process known as J. Massenez' de-sulphurization 
process. In this the cast iron is tapped out of the furnace into a ladle 
or ' mixer ' to which an iron-manganese alloy containing the required 
amount of manganese is added. On allowing to stand at rest for some 
time the manganese combines with the sulphur in the iron and floats to 
the surface, as manganese sulphide. The slag may be returned to the 
blast-furnace, when the greater part of the sulphur is eliminated and the 
manganese recovered.^ 
Manganese is also sometimes used in foundry practice. The presence 
of manganese in foundry pig, if not over 1 to 2%, 
ilangauese in fouiuuv . , >> • i i . , , . , , , 
practice. ' IS beneticiai, because it makes the pig harder and 
closer grained ; it is also indirectly useful because 
it prevents the absorption of su'phur from the coke during remelting. It 
may be added in the form of ferro-manganese or of ore.^ When added 
in small quantities to the molten metal in a foundry ladle the immediate 
effect may be the softening of the iron, owing to the manganese elimina- 
ting the sulphur and counteracting the effect of silicon.^ 
Manganese-steel contains a considerably higher percentage of man- 
ganese than is present in all ordinary steels. 
Manganese-^teel. Proportions of manganese from 1 to 7% are 
said to render steel brittle ; but when the manganese is present in the pro- 
portions of 7 to 30% the steel becomes remarkably strong and ductile, 
both toughness and ductility being increased without loss of hardness, by 
heating to a yellow or white heat and quenching in water. Manganese- 
steel thus contrasts ^vith carbon steel ; for in the latter great hardness is 
produced only on quenching and is accompanied by brittleness and less 
ductility. Besides combining great toughness with great hardness, manga- 
nese-steel is practically non-magnetic. It is also remarkable for its ex- 
tremely low electric conductivity, so that it might be used for resistance 
coils. It is also a very bad conductor of heat. These alloys were investi- 
gated by Hadfield, who patented steel with amounts of manganese between 
7 and 20%. The well-known Hadfield Era Hteel is said to contain about 
1 Turner, ' Metallurgy of Iron ', pp. 151-2, (1895). 
2 F. Wiist, Jour. Iron Steel Jnsk, 1903. No. II, pp. 646-8. 
3 Turner, lac. cit., p. 205 
