CARBONIFEROUS SYSTFM. 
35 
It was believed by Stoliczka that the paljeozoic systems of Spiti 
Stoliczka's "south- comprised two distinct facies, termed by him the 
em and eastern facies." southern and the eastern respectively. The 
southern facies was that exposed in the Pin valley, where the 
section includes the older palaeozoics described in the last two 
chapters, and regarded by Stoliczka as silurian. In the eastern 
facies he included a great series of shale and quartzite found in 
the lower Spiti valley, at and beyond the village of Po ; this he 
identified with his Bhabeh and Muth series, considering it probable 
that the relationship of the two facies to one another would be ascer- 
tained by an examination of that part of Kanaur lying immediately to 
the south-east of Spiti. This area was examined for the first time 
in any detail by the present writer in 1899, and it was definitely 
ascertained that the eastern was not the equivalent of the southern 
series, but was very much younger. 
At Muth the white (Muth) quartzite passes up through arenaceous 
Carboniferous beds ^"'^ shaly beds into a mass of dark limestone, 
atMuth. which has a thickness of between 300 and 400 
feet, and has yielded a considerable number of fossils, mostly, however, 
rather badly preserved. Further down the Pin valley, at Ruling, the 
same limestone is again seen ; it is perhaps a little thicker here, but 
is in other respects similar to that seen at Muth. At each of these 
localities the limestone is overlain unconformably by a conglomerate 
followed by a bed of calcareous sandstone and black shales (the " Pro- 
ductus shales "). It will subsequently be seen that these upper beds 
are of permian age. 
The unconformity between the permian beds and the underlying 
Carboniferous-per- limestone was first noticed by Stoliczka and sub- 
mian unconformity. sequently confirmed by Griesbach, who had also 
observed a similar break at the base of the permian beds in the more 
easterly parts of the Central Himalayas.^ As the horizon of the white 
quartzite is followed from Muth towards the south-east, the permian 
beds are found to rest on lower and lower horizons of the underlying 
1 Memoirs, G. S. I., vol. XXIII, p. 63. 
D 2 ( 35 ) 
