8B 
HAYDEN : GEOLOGY OF SPITI. 
Lh. — has proved that It is in reality a part of the " lower Tagling lime- 
stone " which has been brought into its present position by an overfold. 
A great advance was made in our knowledge of the Spiti trias by 
the work of Mr. Griesbach, who found that not only was the lower 
trias well developed, but that the whole series of sedimentary beds 
from permian to jurassic was very similar to that of Kumaon and 
Garhwal, and he was then enabled to correlate the trias of those dis- 
tricts with that of Spiti. The surveys carried on during the last few 
years have tended chiefly to confirm and amplify his conclusions, 
especially with regard to the lower and middle trias, some small 
modification only being necessary in regard to the upper parts of that 
system. 
Correlation of the mesozoic beds of Spiti with those of 
other parts of the himalayas. 
The work of Mr. Griesbach and of Professor Diener in Garhwdl and 
With Kumaon and Kumaon and of Mr. Griesbach in Spiti, renders it 
Garhwdl. ^ comparatively easy task to correlate, with 
a fair approach to accuracy, the mesozoic beds of these two areas. 
This had been undertaken by the late Dr. von Krafft, whose paper on 
the subject will form part 2 of this volume : no further details need 
therefore be given here. 
With that part of the Himalayas which lies to the north-west of 
Spiti, correlation is, unfortunately, almost impossible, for, with the 
exception of parts of Southern Rupshu, which 
With Kashmir. • j 1 ..v ^ • o 
were exammed by the present writer in 1099 
and 1901, the Kashmir State has not been surveyed in any detail, 
Mr. Lydekker's memoir on the " Geology of Kashmir," the work of 
Godwin Austen, and observations by Dr. Stoliczka along the route to 
Yarkand, being almost the only sources of information available. 
Owing to the great extent of the area surveyed by Mr. Lydekker, his 
work was necessarily carried out on broad lines only ; he included all 
the rresozoic systems, with the younger palaeozoic, in his " Z^nskdr 
system," which comprised Stoliczka's Kuling series, Lilang limestone, 
( 88 ) 
