iDIENEB : TRIAS OF THE HIMALAYAS. 
of the upper Pin valley and adjoining areas. The survey work was 
continued in Spiti during the summer of 1899 by H. Hayden and A. 
von KrafEt. The Triassic beds were found to be of greater thickness and 
to contain a larger number of fossiliferous horizons than in the sections 
of Painkhanda studied by Griesbach and Diener. Three distinct strati- 
graphical horizons were observed in the Lower Trias (Scythian stage) and 
an equal number in the -Muschelkalk. Both the ladinic stage and the 
zone of Tropites suhbullatus, which Griesbach and Diener had failed to 
recognise in Painkhanda, proved to be especially well developed. At the 
base of the Dachsteinkalk a series of quartzites and shales, not known 
from the Bambanag and Shalshal cliffs, were found to constitute a 
well-marked stratigraphical horizon.' 
In the season of 1898 T. H. D. La Touche was charged with a detailed 
survey of the upper Lissar valley and F. H. Smith with the survey of 
Byans. The work of the latter geologist was resumed in 1900 by 
A. v. Krafft. Large collections were made from the Lower Trias, the 
Muschelkalk, and the Tropites limestone. Descriptions and figures of 
the fauna of the latter were published by Diener in Vol. V of the 
" Himalayan Fossils." ^ 
After his survey of Byans A. v. Krafft visited the sections of the 
Bambanag and Shalshal cliffs, in order to make a comparison with the 
Spiti sections based on personal examination. 
He was able to prove the ladinic stage to be represented there, 
although poor in fossils and extremely reduced in thickness. He also 
found his classification of the Muschelkalk, as adopted for Spiti, to 
be correct. On the progress attained by him with respect to the 
subdivisions of the Muschelkalk, he has reported in a special paper.' 
Both in the Halorites beds and in the Traumatocrinus limestone he 
collected a large number of fossils, which were examined subsequently 
by C. Diener.^ 
^ A. V. Krafft : Stratigraphical notes on the mesozoic rocks of Spiti, General 
lieport, Geol. Surv. of India, 1899-1900, pp. 199-230. 
~ C. Diener : The fauna of the Tropites limestone of Byans. Palmontologia 
Indica, ser. XV, Vol. V, Pt. 1, (1906). 
3 A. V. Krafft : Zur Gliederung des Musclielkalkes im Himalaya. Verhandl. K. 
K. Geol. BeichsansL, 1901, p. 52. 
* C. Diener : Note on some fossils from the Halorites limestone of the Bam- 
banag cliff (Kumaon), collected by the late Dr. A. v. Krafft. in the year 1900. 
Records, Geol. Surv. oj India, Vol. XXXIV, 1906, pp. l-ll. Tlie fauna of the 
Traumatocrinus limestone, ralitont. Ind., ser. XV, Vol. VI, Pt. 2, (1909). 
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