CORRELATION OP THE LOWER TRIAS. 
,87 
Thus a solid base for a direct correlation between the Hedenstroemia 
beds of the Himalayas and the Alpine Campil beds has been established 
by A. V. Kraft't's and Hayden's discoveries. Nevertheless the affinities 
of the two faunae are rather distant, all the naarly allied species 
being of extremely rare occurrence; either in one of the two regions 
or in both of them. 
But the gap, by which the two faunae had hitherto been separated, 
has been bridged over —partly at least -by the interesting discovery of 
Campil beds in North Albania in a development of red limestones 
(Hallstatt facies). This is a cephalopod facies of the Campil or upper 
Werfen beds formerly unknown in Europe, which has yielded a con- 
siderable number of fossils near the village of Kcira, about 25 km. 
to the east of Skutari. The fossils, which were collected by F. v. 
Nopcsa in 1906 and 1907, have been described by G. v. Arthaber,^ 
who correctly refers to the astonishmg association of Mediterranean, 
Indian and Pacific types. The Indian types even predominate in 
number. Among them the following may be mentioned : — 
Pseudosageceras multilobatum Noetl. 
Xenaspis mediterranea Arth. 
Nannites Herbert i Dien. 
Monophyllites Hara Dien. 
Meekoceras marginale Arth. 
Hedenstroemia sp. ind. 
This fauna, which contains several types, chiefly Mediterranean 
{Tirolites seminudus Mojs., Celtites kcirensis Arth.) but also some 
Calif ornian (Columbites), connects the Lower Triassic faunae of India 
and Europe much more closely than had been hitherto anticipated. 
In contradiction to Noetling's views there can be no further doubt 
that during the Lower Trias the great central sea of the Tethys ex- 
tended from the Mediterranean to the Indian basin in the shape of 
an open canal across the present mountain ranges of Afghanistan and 
Northern Persia, by which an intercommunication of the faunae of 
both regions became possible within certain limits.^ 
' G. V. Arthaber : Ueber die Entwicklung der Untertrias in Albanien und ihre 
faunisti.sche Bewertung. Mitteil. Geol. Ges. Wien, I, 1908, pp. 245-289. 
- New researches in 1908 by F. v. Nopcsa have added considerably to our 
knowledge of the Lower Triassic fauna;- of Albania. The rich collections of fossils 
which were made in some favourable places, enable us now to appreciate the 
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