MUSCnELKALK OF SPITI AND PAINKHANDA. 
At the Bambanag clifE the following section was observed by A. v. 
KrafEt in 1900 :— 
4. Upper Muschelkalk witli numerous specimens of Ptijchites, 
Hollandiles, Beijrichiles Khanikoffi 0pp., Gymnites Vas- 
antasena, Dien, etc. . . . . . . .20 feet, 
3 i Shales with many concretions, containing Spiriferina 
Stracheyi ........ 2 feet. 
3 h Dark grey limestone with Spiriferina Stracheyi and Spiri- 
gera Stoliczkai ........ 1 foot. 
3 a Black shales ........ 5 ins. 
3 / Dark grey limestone with Keyserlingites Dieneri Mono- 
phyllites Hara, M. Kingi, Spiriferina Stracheyi, Spirigera 
Stoliczkai ........ 5 ins. 
3 e Black shale ........ 2 ins. 
3 d Limestone as 3 / containing Gymnites sp. . , .7 ins. 
3 c Black shales ........ 5 ins. 
3 b Limestone as 3 h with Monophyllites sp. and Dalmatites 
Ropini Dien. ........ 6 ms. 
3 a Black shales with Keyserlingites sp. .... 5-6 ins- 
2. Nodular limestone (Niti limestone Noetl.) unfossili- 
ferous . . . . . . . . .50 feet. 
L Earthy limestone with Rhynchonella Griesbachi and Retzia 
himaica ......... 3 feet. 
In geological delimitation the Muschelkalk begins with the basal 
limestone No. 1. In biological definition the first marine fauna of a 
typical character is that included in the shales and limestones No. 3- 
The overlying dark grey and well-bedded limestones (No. 4) have 
yielded a large number of Cephalopoda. 
The difference between the faunae contained in the two subdivisions 
Nos. 3 and 4 gave occasion for drawing the boundary line between the 
Lower and Upper Muschelkalk at the top of No. 3. The massive 
nodular limestone No. 2 is practically unfossiliferous, but is very con- 
spicuous in the scenery, towering in a steep escarpment above the slope 
of the Lower Triassic beds. For this horizon the name of Niti lime- 
stone was suggested by Noetling. 
This fourfold division of the Muschelkalk has also been observed in 
the section of the Shalshal cliff by A. v. Krafft, where he distinguished 
the following groups (in descending order) : — 
4. Upper Mulchelkalk very rich in ammonites. 
3 b Thin beds of limestone with the brachiopod fauna of Spiriferina 
Stracheyi. 
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