84 
DTENER : TKTAS OF THK HIMALAYAS. 
Neither in the fauna of the Himalayan Muschelkalk nor of the Dao- 
nella shales and the passage beds connecting both divisions have any 
representatives of the Buchenstein beds of the Eastern Alps been 
noticed. 
In the Mediterranean region the zones of Protrachyceras Curionii and 
Dinarites avisianus (Marmolatakalk) are intercalated between the zones of 
Ceratites trinodosus (Upper Muschelkalk) and of Protrachyceras Archelaus 
(Wengen beds), but no types of those two zones have been discovered in 
the Himalayan Trias. Two species only — Hungarites sp. ind. aff. 
Mojsisovicsi Boeckh and Protrachyceras Cautleyi Dien., — from the pas- 
sage beds in Spiti, show a distant affinity to the Buchenstein fauna. As 
there is certainly no stratigraphical break nor hiatus in the succession 
of Triassic beds in Spiti, equivalents of the Buchenstein beds of Tyrol 
must be included either in the Upper Muschelkalk or in the passage beds 
connecting it with the Daonella shales. The absence of any distinct 
Buchenstein types we may reasonably explain by the suggestion, that no 
independent fauna corresponding to that of the zone of Protrachyceras 
Curionii lived in the Indian Triassic province at the commencement of 
the ladinic epoch, which in the Himalayas was characterised by a 
survival of species from the zone of Ceratites Thuillieri and Ptychites 
rugifer into this stage. 
This explanation has been adopted by J. P. Smith for the min- 
gling of anisic and ladinic faunae in the horizon of Daonella duhia in 
the West Humboldt range of Nevada, where otherwise typical equi- 
valents of the ladinic stage are missing altogether. 
As has been stated in the preceding chapter, the Daonella lime- 
stone, following conformably above the Daonella shales, must — partly 
at least — be included in the ladinic stage. 
Monophyllites cf. Wengensis Klipst. and Daonella Lommeli Wissm. 
point to the Wengen beds, whereas Joannites cf. Klipsteini Mojs. and 
Daonella aff. cassiance Mojs. are more nearly allied to species from the 
beds of St. Cassian (lower carnic stage). The genera Traumatocrinus, 
Phloioceras, Styrites have not as yet been found in Triassic beds older 
than the carnic stage. As fossils occur throughout the entire thickness 
of the Daonella limestone, this assemblage might be explained by their 
having been mixed in collecting from different horizons. In favour of 
such an explanation the fact might be urged, that according to A. v. 
( 285 ) 
