CORKELATION OF THE UrrER TRIAS. 
85 
Krafft's notes, Daonella Lommell, the most characteristic type of the 
ladinic stage in Europe, does not occur in the upper third of the 
Daonella limestone. 
Thus there appears to be a gradual passage frona the ladinic into the 
carnic stage in the Daonella limestone of Spiti. 
III. The Upper Trias. 
(Carnic, Noric and Rliactic stages.) 
a. General notes on the classification of the Upper Trias in Spiti and 
Painkhanda. 
The division of the Upper Trias in the Austrian Alps has been based 
on faunistic, not on lithological characterd. Nevertheless the two 
main stages are marked by lithological differences in the majority of 
sections, the carnic stage being comparatively poor in limestones, as 
compared with the ladinic and noric stages. This is, at least, the case 
throughout the entire range of the Noerdliche Kalkalpen. 
In the Himalayas there is no doubt about the possibility of distin- 
guishing two different rock groups in the Upper Trias, a lower one, 
poor in limestones, and an upper one consisting of pure limestones and 
dolomites. In the Himalayas, a natural classification, based on litholo- 
gical characters, suggests itself at once to the geologist who is sur- 
prised by the sharp contrast between the dark-coloured slopes, consist- 
ing of alternating shales, marls, limestones and quartzites, which form 
the pedestal of the high ranges, and the light grey dolomites and lime- 
stones of the cliffs and jagged peaks towering above them. 
To the lower group, which is comparatively poor in limestones, 
belong the beds between the Daonella limestone and the white quartzite 
series in Spiti and the zone of Halobia comata in Painkhanda. Of the 
upper division the Himalayan Dachsteinkalk is the prototype in both 
districts. 
It might, perhaps, be more correct to say that the lower division is 
not exactly poor in limestones, but that calcareous sediments are always 
intermixed with marly, clayey and arenaceous ones to such an extent that 
the latter rocks predominate considerably. Pure limestones — nearly 
always of a dark colour — are noticed only as intercalations between 
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