CORRELATION OF THE UPPER TRIAS. 
109 
The homotaxial equivalent of the tuvalic substage or zone of Tropites 
subbullatus is found in the Tropites beds of Spiti. In this cephalopod 
horizon Indian faunistic elements are in a minority. European affinities 
predominate to a large extent. There is not a single genus in the fauna 
of the Tropites beds, which was not known from the carnic stage of the 
Alpine Trias. All elements, which are conspicuous for their fecundity 
and give to this fauna its peculiar aspect, are characteristic of the zone 
of Tropites subbullatus of the Hallstatt limestone. Eight species among 
22 are identical or nearly identical with congeneric forms from the car- 
nic stage of the Salzkammergut. 
From this fauna noric elements are as completely absent as from 
its homotaxial equivalent, the tuvalic substage of Hallstatt and Aussee. 
In the tuvalic substage the dolomitic limestone with Halobia aff. 
superba Mojs. must be included, the association of Dielasma julicum 
Bittn., Halobia aff. superba Mojs., Daonella cf. styriaca Mojs., Lima cf. 
austriaca Bittn. being characteristic of a carnic age. 
In Painkhanda two carnic horizons, both rich in Cephalopoda, are 
known to us, both of them pointing to the juUc substage. 
The lower horizon is the Traumatocrinus limestone of the Shalshal 
and Bambanag cliffs. Its fauna was assigned to the julic substage 
in 1896 by E. v. Mojsisovics. This correlation was questioned by 
A. V. Krafit, but proved to be correct by Diener's examination of the 
rich fossil materials collected by A. v. Krafft in 1900. 
The European affinities are marked very clearly in this fauna, eleven 
species being common to the Indian and Alpine regions, among them 
the most important and the most frequently occurring. There are 
only two genera, Girthiceras and Rimkinites of exclusively Indian habit. 
The Traumatocrinus limestone is overlaid conformably and imme- 
diately by a limestone bed containing Daonella indica Bittn. This bed 
must, consequently, be of julic age. From this fact it is evident 
that there is no distinct stratigraphical horizon in the Himalayas 
characterised by the presence of Daonella indica. as had been sug- 
gested by Bittner. This species has, on the contrary, a very wide 
stratigraphical distribution, ranging through the entire ladinic and the 
lower division of the carnic stage. 
The beds with Halobia comata of Painkhanda and Johar — with the 
exception, however, of their uppermost layers — must also be included 
in the julic substage. The cephalopods described by E. v. Mojsisovics 
( 310 ) 
