114 
nTKNKl? : TUTAS ()]■: VUV. TTTAfAI. WAS. 
pi'obabiy originated. From this region they migrated into the Indian 
and Mediterranean Triassic provinces, where they make a sudden 
appearance without any local ancestors. But the path of this migra- 
tion probably led into the Tethys by the way of the Atlantic rather than 
of the Pacific Ocean, since the affinities of the Californian carnic fauna 
are Alpine rather than Himalayan. 
In the noric stage the affinities between the American and Indian 
faunse are very remote. The fauna of Pseudonionofis ochotica Keyserl., 
which is probably identical with Ps. subcircularis Gabb, is widelv 
distributed in Northern Asia and along the coasts on either side of the 
Pacific Ocean, but reached neither India nor the Alpine region. The 
exchange of faunistic elements between America and the Himalayas 
appears to have been suspended entirely during the noric period. It 
was probably resumed during the liassic epoch, as we may judge from 
the universal distribution of the genus Arietites, which is known from 
Europe, Western Asia, India. Timor, California, Nevada, Mexic i, South 
America. 
e. The Ufper Trias of Kaslimir avd /he Pamir. 
a. — KaSHMIE. 
The researches on which our knowledge of the Upper Triassic 
deposits of Kashmir are based were carried out before the publication 
of C. L. Griesbach's memoir on the central Himalayas. Since 
Stoliczka's early reconnaissances and R. Lydekker's memoir on 
Kashmir (1883). no recent surveys have been made in that State 
although certain parts of Rupshu have been visited by Hayden and 
found to be stratigraphically almost identical with Spiti. 
Naturally the data available for a description of the Upper Triassic 
deposits of Kashmir are therefore very scanty and very often anti- 
quated. We are so far entirely in want of detailed stratigraphical 
data, while the fossils, which we know to have been derived from the 
Triassic beds of this area, are extremely small in number. This is all 
the more to be regretted, since Triassic beds are widely distributed in 
several isolated districts of Kashmir, chiefly in the Kashmir, Zanskar, 
Changchenmo, Karakoram and Baltistan basins (Lydekker : Mem., Geol. 
Surv. 1ml., XXII, i)p. 133, 147, 151. 1G8, Ifi ), 171, 182). 
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