INDIAN TKIASSIC PROVINCE. 
U7 
is more complete than in any other district of Western Asia. Lower 
Trias is known from Gebse (gulf of Ismid) in the facies of Werfen beds. 
The fauna, which has been described by A. Bittner,i agrees exactly 
with that of the Alpine Buntsandstein. It is overlain by grey crinoid 
limestones and by grey and red limestones containing a rich fauna of 
the Muschelkalk. This fauna in which cephalopods predominate, has 
been assigned to the upper Muschelkalk (zone of Ceratites trinodosus) 
by Toula, • to the lower Muschelkalk by G. v. Arthaber ^ and Noetling.* 
The presence of the ladinic stage is indicated by Protrachyceras 
nnotolicum Toula. 
Upper Triassic deposits are known to us from Baalia Maaden (Mysia) 
by the investigations of G. v. Bukowski," who stated them to overlie 
unconformably beds of an Upper Carboniferous age. Their fauna was 
studied by Bittner.' It contains both noric and rhaetic ^ elements, 
but exclusively Brachiopoda, Lamellibranchiata and Gastropoda. 
Spirigera ManzaviniiBittn., Mysidia Bittn., Pergamidia Hittn., Sive the 
most remarkable types. There is no affinity whatever with the 
Upper Trias of the Himalayas. 
In the Caucasus, sediments of the marine Trias were discovered 
at three different localities by W. J. Worobieff in 1906. The most 
complete section was observed on the slope of Mount Tchatch near the 
source of the river Sokhraia, a tributary of the Bielaia. According to 
the preliminary descriptions given by Th. Tschernyschew," who examined 
1 A. Bittner : Ne2ies Jahrb. f. Min., 1899, I. p. 66. 
2 F. Toula : Eine Muschelkalkfauna am Golf von Ismid in Kleinasien, Beitrcege 
zur Geol. u. Palaont. Oesterr-Ungarns etc., 1896, X. pp. 15.3-191. 
^ G. V. Arthaber, ibidem, XII, p. 226. 
F. Noetling, Asiatische Trias, 1. c, p. 11.5. 
^ F. Toula : Ueber Protrachyceras anatolicum, ein neues Triasfossil vom Golfe 
von Ismid, Neues Jahrb. f. Min. etc., 1898, 1, p. 26. 
<> G. V. Bukowski : Die geologischen Verliaeltnisse der Umgebung von Baalia 
Maaden im nordwestl. Kleinasien. Sitzgsber, Kais. Akad. d. Wiss. Wien., CI, 1892, 
p. 214. 
7 A. Bittner : Triaspetrefakten von Baalia in Kleinasien, Jahrb. K. K. Geol. 
Reichsanst., 1891, XLI, p. 97- — Neue Arten aus der Trias von Baalia, etc., ibid., 
1892, XLII, p. 77. 
Bittner determined the age of this fauna as " rhaetic," taking the rhaetic 
stage in the wide circumscription of F. v. Hauer, who united in this stage all Triassic 
beds younger than carnic. 
9 Th. Tschernyschew : Ueber die Entdeckung von oberer Trias im noerdl. Kauka- 
sus. Bull. Acad. Imper. des sciences, St. Petersbourg, 1907, p- 277. 
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