XX 
CONTENTS. 
CHAPTER X. 
ON THE GEOLOGICAL AGENCY OF THE WINDS. 
To appreciate the Offices of the Winds and Waves, Nature must be regarded as a 
Whole, 369. — Level of the Dead Sea, 370. — Evidences that at fotmer Geolog- 
ical Periods more Rain fell than now falls upon the Dead Sea and other inland 
Basins, 371. — Where Vapor for the Rains in the Basin of the American Lakes 
comes from, 375. — The Effect produced by the Upheaval of Mountains across the 
course of vapor-bearing Winds, 376. — The Agencies by which the Drainage of 
Hydrographic Basins may be cut off from the Sea, 380. — Utah an Example, 382. 
— Effect of the Andes upon vapor-bearing Winds, 383. — Geological Age of the 
Andes and Dead Sea compared, 391. — Ranges of dry Countries and little Rain, 
393. — Rain and Evaporation in the Mediterranean, 399. — Evaporation and Precip- 
itation in the Caspian Sea equal, 404. — The Quantity of Moisture the Atmosphere 
keeps in Circulation, 407. — Where Vapor for the Rains that feed the Nile come 
from, 409. — Lake Titicaca, 420 Page 181 
CHAPTER XL 
THE DEPTHS OF THE OCEAN. 
The Depth of blue Water unknown, <J 421. — Results of former Methods of Deep-sea 
Soundings not entitled to Confidence, 422. — Attempts by Sound and Pressure, 423. 
— The Myths of the Sea, 424. — Common Opinion as to its Depths, 425. — Interest- 
ing Subject, 427. — rThe deepest Soundings reported, 428. — Plan adopted in the 
American Navy, 429. — Soundings to be made from a Boat, 431. — Why the Sound- 
ing-twine will not stop running out when the Plummet reaches Bottom, 432. — In- 
dications of under Currents, 433. — Rate of Descent, 434. — Brooke's Deep-sea 
Sounding Apparatus, 437.- — The greatest Depths at which Bottom has been found, 
438 200 
CHAPTER XII. 
THE BASIN OF THE ATLANTIC. 
Plate XL, 1^ 439. — Height of Chimborazo above the Bottom of the Sea, 440. — Orog- 
raphy of Oceanic Basins, 441. — The deepest Place in the Atlantic, 442. — The Bot- 
tom OF. THE Atlantic: The Utility of Deep-sea Soundings, 445. — A telegraphic 
Plateau across the Atlantic, 446. — Specimens from it, 447. — A microscopic Exam- 
ination of them, 448. — Brooke's Deep-sea Lead presents the Sea in a new Light, 
453. — The Agents at work upon the Bottom of the Sea, 454. — How the Ocean is 
prevented from growing salter, 458. — Knowledge of our Planet to be derived from' 
the Bottom of the Sea, 460 208 
CHAPTER Xin. 
THE WINDS. 
Plate VIII. , § 461. — Monsoons, 462. — Why the Belt of Southeast is broader than the 
Belt of Northeast Trade-winds, 463. — Effect of Deserts upon the Trade-wdnds, 466. 
— At Sea the Laws of Atmospherical Circulation are better developed, 470. — Rain 
