THE OPEN SEA IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN. 
149 
surface, by changes, from whatever cause, in the course or ve- 
locity of the surface current, for obviously the under current could 
not bring more water into the frozen ocean than the surface cur- 
rent would carry out again, either as ice or water. 
287, Every winter, an example of how very close warm water 
in the sea and a very severe climate on the land or the ice may 
be to each other, is aiForded to us in the case of the Gulf Stream, 
and the Labrador-like climate of New England, Nova Scotia, and 
Newfoundland. In these countries, in winter, the thermometer 
frequently sinks far below zero, notwithstanding that the tepid 
waters of the Gulf Stream may be found with their summer tem- 
perature within one good day's sail of these very, very cold places. 
