26 
LORQUINIA 
the investigation of the predecessors of the form in question and so 
we soon feel the need of a broader knowledge. This brings us to 
the point in question. How shall we become familiar with the anatomy 
of the various groups of animals? The answer is, "By knowing 
something of One form and then comparing it with related forms — that 
is the secret." 
The term "skeleton," in its wider sense, includes all the hard 
parts of an animal, both internal and external, but in the present dis- 
cussion we shall have in mind only the endoskeleton, with an occasional 
reference to the various exoskeletal elements by way of comparison. 
Without attempting to discuss kinds of bones as to their origin 
in the individual and the race, we will proceed to examine the verte- 
brate skeleton as a whole. 
All true vertebrates have an axial skeleton, including the skull 
and numerous vertebrae. 
The amphioxus has not reached this stage. The cyclostomes 
approach a step nearer, but in those also no centra are formed. Thus 
we see preparations for a vertebral column, but the plan has not yet 
been carried out. In the next group, the elasmobranchs, the typical 
double-concave centra are formed in cartilage with more or .les^ cal- 
cification. 
In this and subsequent groups of fishes we find, in addition to 
the axial skeleton, appendages known as fins and these are called the 
appendicular skeleton. These fins are stififened and made serviceable 
by the addition of rays or rods. Certain of these rods enlarge and 
others disappear, and the net result is a rudimentary leg with humerus, 
ulna and radius, and hand, including the digits ; the femur, tibia, fibula, 
with the foot including the digits. 
Now we see the whole skeleton, both axial and appendicular. 
Next we will take up the skull and observe its various modifica- 
tions. After that the vertebral column, and then the skeleton of the 
appendages. FRANK C. CLARK. 
The above article is the first of a series by Dr. Clark which will appear in 
Lorquinia from time to time. 
A VACATION TRIP 
For a number of years I have been wishing to take a vacation trip 
to the Southern Sierras of Tulare County and this summer my desire 
was gratified. We — there were five in the party — made the trip in 
an "autoFord," which gave us opportunity to see the country as we 
went along, although we could not spend much time on the way on 
account of the distance to be traveled. 
Starting from Van Nuys on the morning of June 16th, we Went by 
way of the Ridge Route. The road is mostly finished State highway 
