IN THE CINCHONA FORESTS 271 
to be seen in the bottom of the valleys a fine-grained ferruginous 
sandstone of a deep brown colour, in thick strata, and usually in 
large detached masses, lying either horizontally or variously tilted 
up. I suppose, therefore, that, so far from having been deposited 
over the trachyte, it is merely the remains of a large bed of rock 
which once extended conformably over the whole region, and has 
been shivered and dislocated by the upheaval of the trachyte 
itself. It seems the same sort of rock as exists about the base of 
Tunguragua, and forms the lofty cliffs on the southern side of that 
volcano, where the cataract of Guandisagua comes down at three 
bounds from the edge of the snow to the warm valley of Capil, in 
which grow oranges and the sugar-cane. I have never been able 
to find any trace of fossils in this rock. . . . Nowhere in the 
Quitonian Andes have I seen the stratified rocks — limestones, 
friable sandstones, and fossiliferous shales — all, I believe, belong- 
ing to the lias formation, which constitute the eastern declivity of 
the Andes of Peru, or, at least, of the Province of Maynas. No 
Bark tree was seen growing on rock of any kind. The soil at 
Limon is the same deep loamy alluvial deposit, with very few 
stones intermixed, as we had seen from Llullundengo downwards, 
nor does a bit of rock crop out in the whole of the descent. . . . 
The northern and eastern sides of the trees had borne most 
flowers, and, except on one tree of more open growth than the 
rest, scarcely a capsule ripened on their southern and western 
sides. These phenomena are explained by the fact that, in the 
summer season, the trees receive most sun from the east and 
north, for the mornings are generally clear and sunny, whilst the 
afternoons are almost invariably foggy, and the sun's declination 
is northerly. Another notable circumstance is that the trees 
standing in open ground — pasture, cane -field, etc. ^ — are far 
healthier and more luxuriant than those growing in the forest, 
w^here they are hemmed in and partially shaded by other trees, 
and that, while many of the former had flowered freely, the latter 
were, without exception, sterile. This plainly shows that, although 
the Red Bark may need shade whilst young and tender, it really 
requires (like most trees) plenty of air, light, and room wherein to 
develop its proportions. 
• •••••• • 
The cascarilleros have found out that the bark is worth money, 
but neither they nor the greater part of the inhabitants of Ecuador 
have any correct idea of the use that is made of it in foreign 
countries ; the prevalent opinion being that a permanent coffee- or 
chocolate-coloured dye (still a desideratum in Ecuador) is extracted 
from it. I explained to the people of Limon how it yielded the 
precious quinine which was of such vast use in medicine ; but I 
. afterwards heard them saying one to another, " It is all very fine 
for him to stuff us with such a tale ; of course he w^on't tell us how 
