NOTES OF A BOTANIST 
CHAP. 
Maynas the c is used almost to the exclusion of the g\ thus 
"yurag," white, and "pitag," who, are pronounced respectively 
" yurac " and " pitac " in Maynas. 
"Tunguragua" seems to come from "tunguri," the ankle-joint, 
which is a prominence certainly, though scarcely more like the 
right-angled cone of Tunguragua than the obtuse-angled cone of 
Cotopaxi is like a wen (" coto " or " cutu "). 
Of the termination "agua" (pron. "awa") I can give no 
explanation. 
"Cungilri," in Quichua, is the knee; thus an Indian would say 
" Tunguri-manta cunguli-cama llustirishcani urmashpa," i.e. "In 
falling ('urmashpa') I have scrubbed off the skin from the ankle 
to the knee." 
Among rustics of mixed race, whose language partakes almost 
as much of Quichua as of Spanish, it is common to hear such 
expressions as "De tunguri a cunguri es una cola llaga." — "From 
the ankle to the knee is a continuous sore." 
The following words occur repeatedly on the map : — 
"Ashpa" (in Maynas "Allpa"), earth. "Urcu," mountain. 
"Rumi," stone. "Cocha (cucha)," lake. 
"Yacu," river. "Ucsha," grass or grassy place ("Pajonal," 
Sp.). "Pdngo (pungu)," door or narrow entrance. 
" Cuchu," corner. "U'ma,"head. " Paccha," cataract. 
"Citri," gold. "Culqui," silver. "Alquimia," copper. 
" Ushpa," ashes. 
"Chiri," cold. "Yitnga," warm, from which the Spaniards 
have formed the diminutive " Yunguilla," warmish, applied to 
many sites where the sugar-cane begins to flourish. 
"Yurag," white. "Yana," black. "Pilca," red. "Qmlla," 
yellow. 
"I'shcai," two; ex. " I'shcai-guauqui," the Two Brothers, a 
cloven peak to the east of Los Mulatos. "Chunga," ten; ex. 
" Chunga-uma," a peak with ten points, a little to south of " Ishcai- 
guauqui." " Parca," double; thus a hill which seems made up of 
two hills united is called " Parca-urcu." 
" Angas," a hawk. " Ambatu," a kind of toad. 
" Sacha," forest. "Caspi," tree. "Yilras," herb. "Qumua,'^ 
the "Chenopodium Quinoa," cultivated for 'its edible seed. 
"Puji'n," hawthorn (various species of Crataegus) ; thus "Montana 
de Pujines," Hawthorn Forest; "Cerro Pujin el chico," Little 
Hawthorn-hill. " Cubiliin," a sort of Lupine, found only on the 
highest paramos. It gives its name to a long ridge of the Eastern 
Cordillera, mostly covered with snow, extending from Condorasto 
and El Altar towards Sangay. "Totorra," a large bulrush from 
which mats are made; hence "Totorral," a marsh full of bul- 
rushes. "Sara," maize. 
"Topo" is the name given in Maynas to the Raft-wood trees, 
