4 
ilu: yaeht; B, the gi'eatigiSt beSnV} &, the skitl glfths f , thg 
freeboard] S A. the sail area; d, the difference between the 
skin girth and the chain girth. All dimensions are in 
meters. 
7. Measuring the Length, L, — The length, L, is taken 
from the yacht m full racing trim, without crew on board. 
For the jDurpose of determining the dimension L, the 
measurer has to take the length over all, L^. parallel with 
the water's surface, and to deduct (he overhangs. The 
length oA^er all is taken by a couple of rods or a steel tape. 
The length of the overhang aft is taken from a plumblme 
dropped over the ceotey pf the counter to the edge of the 
sternpost. 
8. Determination of Length in Special Cases. — Should 
the length of the yacht over all, L^, be less than the length, 
L, the greatest length wherever found must be taken as L. 
Pieces of any form cut out of the stem, sternpost or fair 
line of ridge or counter with the intention of shorten- 
ing the length shall not be allowed for in measurement 
of length if within iscra. above the water level, 
9. Taxing Extravagant Overhangs, — Should the length 
over all, L\. exceed the length on the waterline by more 
than 50 per cent, (that is L' more than 1.5 l.w.l.), such 
greater length is added to the L,W,L, and taxed accord- 
ingly. 
10. Determining the Greatest Beam, B. — The breadth 
shall be taken from outside to outside of planking in 
the broadest part of the yacht, and no allowance shall be 
made for wales, doubling planks or mouldings of any 
kind. 
11. Determining the Chain Girth, Gk, — The greatest 
girth wherever found is taken from the top of the deck 
planking around the keel to the corresponding point at the 
top of the deck planking. The point of measurement is 
fixed by an official mark (G). Should the chain girth 
at different parts of the yacht be equal, the point nearest 
the greatest breadth is taken for subsequent measurement. 
12. Determining the Skin Girth, Gs. — The skin girth is 
taken ashore by means of a steel tape. In the case of 
foreign yachts where their home certificate does not show 
their skin girth, these dimensions, in exceptional cases, 
may be taken from the designer's plans. The .skin girth is 
also taken from the top of the deck planking, at the same 
spot where, according to clause 11, the chain girth is 
found. 
13. Determining the Factor G. — Deduct from the skin 
girth twice the freeboard F. The difference is the factor 
G of the formula. 
14. Calculating G in Light Centerboard "Yachts. — ^Chain 
and skin girths of a centerboard yacht of 0.50 tons dis- 
placement and below are taken with the centerboard down 
to its fullest extent, treating it as a fixed fin. 
15. Calculating G in Other Centerboard Yachts. — Chain 
and skin G of centerboard yachts, of more than 0.50 tons 
displacement, are also taken with the centerboard down to 
its fullest extent. In their case, however, only three- 
quarters of the plate is taxed, taking the lowest point for 
taxation at 0.75 from the bottom of the hull to the lowest 
actual point of the center plate. The bottom of the hull 
is taken at the cross section where the girth mark (G; 
has been placed. 
16. Ballasted Plates. — These are calculated in the same 
way as fixed fins, and must not be taken up during a 
race. Before receiving a prize, the owner or his represen- 
tative must make a declaration that this rule has been 
observed. The measurers are bound to notify the technical 
commissioners if, in their opinion, a centerboard exceeds 
the usual dimensions. The technical commissioners will 
then have to declare how the plate is to be measured. 
17. Determining Freeboard, F.— Freeboard, F, the verti- 
cal distance between the waterline and the top of the 
planking, is taken at that part of the yacht where the 
greatest breadth is found. 
18. Determining d. — Deduct the chain girth from the 
skin girth and the difference is d. 
Clauses 18-22 deal with the measurement of sail area, the 
same as the Y. R. A. rule. 
23. Limiting Crews. — The number of hands allowed 
during a race are limited as follows : Class VL, three 
hands ; Class V., four ; Class IV.b, five ; Class IV.a, six ; 
Class Ill.b, seven; Class IILa, eight; Class ILb, ten; 
Class Il.a, twelve ; Class Lb, eighteen ; Class La, no limit. 
In all open matches a mem.ber of a recognized yacht club 
must be on board, who is included in the above figures,, as 
is also any pilot. 
The America Cup. 
The daily papers, which are taking a great interest in 
the new Cup defender, seem to be having a great deal of 
difficulty in determining of what material thej^ will build 
the new boat. One day last week they had finally decided 
that she was to be plated with nickel-steel, the next it 
was positively announced that she would be of composite 
construction, with hackmatack frames and mahogany 
planking; a day later, and this method was abandoned in 
favor of phosphor-bronze plating. We have not yet heard 
that Mr. Herreshoff has suspended work until a decision 
is reached by this volunteer advisory board. From sim- 
ilar exclusive reports the challenger will be indeed a won- 
derfully manned craft, She will have in simultaneous 
command Capt. Hogarth, Capt, Wringe, Capt. Ben Par- 
ker and most of the other prominent British skippers, 
Scotch and English, and Mr. Watson will sail in her to 
help Mr, Fife. 
The two points that •are positively known about the de- 
fending boat are that the keel mold is completed and the 
patterns for the bronze keel have been completed and 
shipped to the Ansonia works at Bridgeport, m.akers of 
Tobin bronze and similar alloys, for casting. The Boston 
Globe of Jan. 4 gives the following details, and while it 
is impossible to verify them, they are all plausible and 
possible: 
Hef^sslidff Wbrfo to k SfldgeiJQi't, Cbnn.j qbiii{jany o( 
patterns for a keel plate similar in sliapfe &na deslfe'il to tliat 
of Defender. The Bridgeport company handles only 
bronze work, so that the metal of which tlifc keel plate 
will be cast may be considered settled. 
Defender's keel plate was a bronze Gastiiilg in three 
pieces, suitably flanged for bolting together into prac- 
tically one solid piece. The same principle is followed in 
the keel plate for the new boat, and the pieces have sim- 
ilar flanges. The patterns show also the transverse ribs 
on top of the plate to give it strength, and also to afford 
a flange to which to rivet the floors and frames. 
The plate in the new, as in the old Defender, will be an 
inch thick. Thetransversew'ebs are 3in. in height, and there 
are flanges on the edges of the plate of the same dimen- 
sions, giving the plate a practical thiclcness of 4in. for all 
purposes of strength and resistance to strains. 
The transverse webs are about 2oin. apart, showing 
that the frames of the new boat are to be spaced at that 
distance. 
In shape, as well as in construction, the keel plate for 
the new boat is like that of Defender. Its greatest width 
is 20in., and it tapers to a point at the forward end and 
narrows in aft until it is less than half a foot across. This 
is where the sternpost, patterns for which were also 
shipped to-day, will be bolted to it. 
Defender's keel plate was designed for casting as giv- 
ing greater strength than any form of plate and rib con- 
struction, and bronze was chosen as the metal as being 
the best in which to obtain a strong and solid casting. 
The same reasons hold good in the new boat. 
The lead keel for the new boat will be a little over 28ft. 
long, or about 7ft, shorter than that on Defender. It will 
aLs(.) differ materially in shape, being in fact more like 
that of Valkyi'ic III. in lateral plane, while at the same 
time being "bulbed" to a greater extent and having its 
greatest weight further forward. 
Defender's lead keel was "rockered" or rounded in the 
fore and aft sweep of its bottom, having a flat portion of 
only about 3ft. at its middle. The new defender's keel is 
flat on the bottom for nearly i8ft. of its length, and this 
flat portion will be parallel with the waterlin6, as in the 
46-footer Wasp. 
The top of the keel has a slope from the forward to the 
after end. The keel is about 7ft, high forward and 5ft. 
aft. The forward end comes to a sharp edge. The after 
end is flattened as if the rudder were to come down upon 
it, as in Defender. The after end shows a straight line 
from bottom to top to match the sternpost. The keel is 
nearlv 5ft, longer on top aft than on the bottom, showing 
a sternpost with a great rake to it. 
The forward end of the keel shows a rounded forefoot 
and then a reverse curve, which will blend into that of the 
stem. The difference between top and bottom is about 
4ft., the extra foot or so to make the over all length of 
the keel being taken up by the rounding up of the fore- 
foot. The whole keel is very similar to that of the Wasp, 
but is not so straight up and down on the forward edge. 
The greatest thickness through the keel is abnut 4ft., as 
against 37in. in Defender, and this is Just abaft the for- 
ward end of the flat portion of the bottom. This also is 
a more pronounced "bulb" than on Defender, and con- 
centrates the weight to a greater extent. At the same 
time the extreme thickness of the bulb is lower down than 
on 13efender, the widest portion of the keel being only a 
few inches from the bottom and showing almost a square 
corner where sides and bottom come together. 
The keel as a whole is finely shaped and of such model 
as to be easily driven through the water. The mold for 
casting it is practically completed, and the keel itself 
will soon be run. It is expected to contain about 60 tons 
of lead, as against at least 75 tons in that of Defender. 
In model the new boat, as has been said, will be an 
improved Defender, but will approach more nearly the 
fin-keel type. She will have about the same or possibly 
a little less beam, and will have a flatter floor and a more 
rounded side. This at once gives a boat of less displace- 
ment than Defender, and at the saiue time with more 
power. As compared with Defender, the new boat should 
show an improvement in reaching and also in work down 
the wind with spinaker set. The latter point of sailing 
was certainly not Defender's strong one. 
An apt comparison of the old and new defenders in 
model and expected improvement in speed would be to 
take the 46-footers Gloriana and Wasp. The latter beat 
the former by very much the same differences in design 
as the new defender is showing over the old, and appar- 
ently every one interested has the same confidence in the 
result. 
The question of a skipper for the new boat has been 
settled. Capt. "Hank" Half, veteran of many cup con- 
tests, will hold the new boat's wheel in the races. Capt. 
Charlie Barr will sail Defender so long as she is needed 
for a "trial horse" for the new boat, and he will then go 
on the new boat as assistant to Capt. Haff, and undoubt- 
edly will have charge of the setting and trimming of the 
light sails. 
Capt. Barr has been under pay and engagement to Com. 
Postley, of the Colonia, but the latter kindly has relin- 
quished his claim on him in favor of Com, Morgan for 
the season's racing. Capt. Barr will take some of the 
Colonia's crew with him. 
The work of repairing Defender is nearly completed, 
and she should be launched and the new boat started in 
her place before the end of the month. W. K, Vander- 
bilt, her principal owner, is paying the cost of repairing 
her as his contribution to the defense of the Cup, 
Com. Morgan is bearing the expense of the new boat 
alone, and Mr. Iselin will manage her on his behalf. A 
man of wider experience in Cup racing than C. Oliver 
Iselin it would be hard to find, and at the same time he 
has those qualities of "push" and determination which 
compel success. W. E. Robinson. 
V.ditof PtiNst and Stream: 
The new rule of the Massachusetts Y. R. A, is an in- 
teresting attempt to encourage the building of good cruis- 
ing yachts. It has many excellent features as well as some 
that seem fundamentally wrong to the writer. Without 
discussing the rule generally now, the editorial remark 
in the Forest and Stre.\m, Dec. 31, that "we fail to see 
as yet the advantage of the new scheme over any good 
formula," deserves attention. 
The Massachtisetts rule, among other things, fixes a 
minimum limit to freeboard, headroom, dimensions of 
cabin floor, and ballast, and a maximum limit to sail area, 
These limits are so fixed in terms of length and beam 
that the}' are readily ascertainable by anybody, and are so 
arranged that none but yachts deemed good cruisers can 
be built under the rule. 
The factors of the Hyslop formula, which is approved 
by the Forest and Stream, are all variable, without limits 
of any kind, except such as are fixed by the exigencies of 
speed ; and they can be ascertained only by years of build- 
ing and racing. Any sort of a freak can be built under 
this rule, and such boats will be built if they have the 
highest speed. No man can tell what the ultimate product 
of this rule would be with respect to head room, floor 
room, freeboard, ballast and sail — all indispensable ele- 
ments of comfort and safety. Five to ten years of sharp 
competition in racing would probably deA^elop the general 
shape of the fastest type under this rule. It is doubtful if 
any advocate of the Hyslop rule would be willing to say 
that he can now tell what proportions of freeboard, head- 
room, cabin floor, ballast and sail, relatively to L. and B. 
this ultimate Hyslop boat would be. 
With a view to producing good cruisers, it would seem 
to be of some advantage to know beforehand the precise 
effect a proposed rule would have on the fundamental fac- 
tors of safety and accommodation, Sextant. 
YACHTING NEWS NOTES. 
The Yachting World issues -this year its usual extra 
"Christmas and Mediterranean Number," in addition to 
the regular weekly edition. The special number con- 
tains a varied collection of interesting reading, and many 
excellent illustrations in half-tones and special plates, a 
portrait of Ailsa under yawl rig being particularly strik- 
ing, Mr, Linton Hope contributes an article on "A Day 
in a Skimming Dish" ; Miss Edith Hughes writes of "Rac^ 
ing in the Solent Classes" ; there is a special article in 
French on "L'Hiver a Cannes," and a portrait and bio- 
graphical notice of Mr. Alfred Mylne, the young Glasgow 
designer. We reprint in this number one of the articles on 
the new German measurement. 
Messrs. Tarns & Lemoine, of New York, with whom 
Mr. C. H. Crane is associated as designer, have con- 
tracted with Messrs. D, Willis James and Arthur Curtis 
James, former owners of Coronet, for an auxiliary brigan- 
tine yacht. The vessel will be built by the J. N. Robins 
Co., at the Erie Basin dry docks. South Brooklyn, and 
will be of steel, i6oft. over all, 130ft. l.w.l., 26ft. Qin. beam 
and 14ft. draft, with engines 9.14 and T8in. by 23in., and 
two Almy boilers. 
Marcella, steam vacht, formerly Rajah, has been sold by 
J, B. Dickson to L. J. Busby. 
The handsome mansion of Mr. George Bullock, on 
Center Island, Oyster Bay, close to the Seawanhaka C. 
Y. C, house, was burned on Dec. 30, being a total loss. 
Mr. Bullock and family were at their winter home, Cin- 
cinnatti, at the time. 
Bristol, R. I., Jan. 4. — The new Cup defender,' soon to 
be built at the Herreshoff Works, will not be an out- 
and-out fin keel, but will be an improved Defender, hav- 
ing the same general model and plan of construction. 
The "backbone" of Defender was the keel plate of 
cast bronze, to which the lead keel was fastened, and from 
which the frames went upward. 
That the same form of construction will be used in the 
new boat was proved to-day by the sliipment from, the 
The Forest and Stream Publishing Co. are the largest 
publishers and importers in America of Books on. Out- 
door Sports. Their illustrated descriptive catalogue 
will be sent free on request. ^ 
The Forest and Stream is put to press each week on Tuesday. 
Correspondence intended for publication should reach us at the 
latest by Monday tmd as much earlier as practicable. 
If yoa want yotir shoot to be announced bere send fa 
notice like the following: 
Fixtttres, 
Jan. 11.— Lyndhurst, N. J.— Twenty-five live-bird handicap, $10, 
birds extra; commences at 12 M. T. W. Morfey, Sec'y. 
Jan. 17-20. — Hamilton, Oont. — Annual tournament and grand 
Canadian handicap of the Hamilton Gun Club; $1,000 guaranteed. 
H. Graham, Sec'y. 
Jan. 18.— Reading, Pa.— The Reading handicap; open to all, 
$10 entrance, $150 guaranteed. Arthur A. Fink, Manager. 
Jan, 18. — Stony Creek, Pa. — Stony Creek handicap, 25 live birds. 
A. A. Fink, Manager, 426 Franklin St., Reading, Pa. 
Jan. 21. — Holmesbiirg Junction. — Fulford-Heikes contest for E C 
cup at 1:30 P. M., on grounds of the Keystone Shooting League, 
Holmesburg Junction, on Pensylvania R. R. 
Feb. 4.— Lyndhurst, N. J. — Tournament of the Lyndhurst Shoot- 
ing Association. Main event. Money vs. Morfey, for the E. C. 
cup and championship ol New Jersey. T. W. Morfey, Sec'y. 
Feb. 22.— New Haven, Conn. — New Haven Gun Club's tourna- 
ment; $20 added money. J. B. Savage, Sec'y. 
Feb. 22. — Worcester, Mass. — ^Tournament of the Worcester 
Sportsmen's Club; targets. A. W. Walls, Sec'y. 
April 6-8.— Utica, N. Y.— Fulford's handicap at live birds. E. 
D. Fulford, Manager. 
April 11-13.— Elkwood Park, Long Branch, N. J.— The Inter- 
state Association's seventh annual Grand American Handicap 
tournament. 
April 18-20.— Lincoln, Neb.— The Lincoln Gun Club's second 
annual interstate tournament; targets and live birds; $500 added. 
Geo. L. Carter, Sec'y. 
April 18-21.— Baltimore, Md.— Prospect Park Shooting Associa- 
tion s tournament; $500 added. Stanley Baker, Sec'y. 
April 25-28.— Baltimore, Md.— Tournament of Baltimore Shooting 
Association; targej? and live birds; money added. Geo>. L. Hi^« 
rison, Sec'y. 
May 16-19.— Erie, Pa. — Ninth annual tournament of the Pennsyl- 
\^nia State Sportsmen's Association, under the auspices of the 
-Reed Hurst Gun Club. Frank W. Bacon, Sec'y. 
May 16-20.— St. Louis, Mo.— Tournament of the Missouri State 
Fish and Game Protective Association. H. B. Collins, Sec'y. 
May 24-25. — Greenwood, S. C. — Annual live-bird tournament o{ 
the Greenwood Gun Club; 25-bird Southern Handicap. R. G. 
McCants, Sec'y. 
June 7-9. — Columbus, O. — ^Tournament of the Ohio Trap-Shoot- 
ers' League, under the auspices of the Sherman Rod and Gun 
Club. T. C. Porterfield. Sec'y, O. T. S. L. 
June 7.- — Buffalo, N. Y. — New York State shoot, under auspices 
of the Buffalo Audubon Gun Club. Chas. FI. Bamberg, Sec'y. 
June 14-16. — Cleveland, O. — Cleveland Target Co.'s tournnment- 
June 20-22. — Sistersville, W. Va. — Third annual tournamenr of 
the West Virginia State Sportsmen's Association, under the 
auspices of the Wheeling Gun Club, Wheeling, W. Va, John B. 
Garden, Sec'y, 
