ces8 m&y be; but as far as we have him able to judge of 
the general sentiment, there will be no objection to the 
absolute prohibition of the scow t5-pe. 
Incidentally, we believe that the fairest point of division 
that can be drawn between different types, old and new, 
as discussed this year in connection with Dominion and 
the Glencairn type, lies between the yacht of the old V 
type, in which the length of waterline actually decreases 
as the yacht is heeled in smooth water, as shown in the 
Forest' AND Stream of Oct. 8, and the scow type, in 
which the length increases with the heeling. Here is 
a logical, definite and exact point of division, far fairer 
and more scientifically correct than any yet suggested. It 
is only necessary to plot the immersed waterline at the 
assigned angle, 15 or 20 degrees, and to measure its long- 
est element parallel to the fore and aft axis. If this be 
shorter than the waterline, as measured in the upright 
position, the yacht is of the normal type; if it be longer, 
she is of a different type and to be dealt with accordingly. 
Yacht Designing.— XXL 
BY W. P. STEPHENS. 
(Continued Jroni fiage 16 ) 
The illustrations accompanying this article are copyrighted by 
the Keuffe) vS: Esser Co., New York, to whom we are indebted 
for their use. 
There is one very important class of instruments that 
may properly be classed at the same time under the three 
heads of Ruling, Measuring and Marking; being used 
for the three purposes. The compass is strictly a mark- 
ing instrument, in that it carries either a pencil or a pen ; 
but it is also a ruling instrument, as the pencil or pen 
cannot be directed freely in any direction, but must move 
iti a circle. With its marking points removed and replaced 
by a plain steel point, it becomes the dividers, a strictly 
measuring instrument. The compass is found in a variety 
of sizes and styles, the principal one being the regular 
large compass with several interchangeable legs. Fig. 43. 
The two legs are united by either a tenon or pivot joint. 
Fig. 45— Bow Pen. Fig; 46— Bow Pencil. 
Of the former, the double-sector is preferable, one leg 
being fitted with two steel plates, while the other is divided 
into three leaves of the metal of which the instrument is 
made, between which the steel plates fit. By means of a 
binding screw the joint may be made to move as freely 
as is desirable. Another, form of good construction is 
the pivot joint; the heads of the two legs being clasped 
between a yoke forming a handle, while they are centered 
by two pivots with conical ends. 
'However constructed, the joint should move smoothly 
and evenly, whether the points are close together or wide 
apart. If this is the case, the joint inay be screwed up 
Fig. 47— Drop Compass. 
so tight as to prevent any accidental derangement of the 
points in ordinary use; and at the same time to respond 
to a moderate pressure of the fingers in adjusting. One 
leg should be iitted with a hinged joint near the middle, 
similar to the main joint, in order that the lower portion 
of the leg may be held at right angles to the paper when 
drawing circles of large diameter. 
The other leg should be fitted with three interchange- 
able points, each provided with a similar point. One of 
these should be a plain steel point, one a pen point carr^^- 
ing a right line pen such as will be described later on, and 
the third fitted to carry a movable lead, as made for lead 
pencils. In the older compasses, the lower end of the 
leg formed a split tube large enough to take a specially 
small lead pencil, of about one-half the ordinary diameter, 
made for the purpose. A newer form has a screw chuck, 
the same as in the pencils with movable leads, and uses the 
same leads. The best form has the split tube of such 
small size as just to take a movable lead; of good length, 
so as to grasp the lead without breaking it, and with a 
binding screw in the center of the split tube, putting an 
even pressure on the lead for the whole length of the tube. 
The movable legs are joined to the main part of the in- 
strument in several ways, the best being the bayonet or 
socket joint, Fig. 44. In this the upper end of the leg 
is turned truly cylindrical and fitted with a feather, while 
the socket is bored out to fit and slotted to take the feather 
which prevents the leg from turning. The next best 
Fig. 43— Compass with pen point, pencil point and lengthening bar. 
form has a pentagonal shank to the movable part, with a 
socket of similar shape on the main part and a binding 
screw to keep the two together. 
Next to thoroughly good joints, the main requirements 
of good compasses are that they shall be stiff and rigid 
throughout, as light as is consistent with this rigidity; 
and shall balance well in the hand. This quality of perfect 
balance is most essential in compasses, dividers, drafting 
pens and all similar instruments; and is only to be de- 
pended upon in those of first-class make throughout. 
The steel points may be either the long conical English 
pattern, which has superseded the old triangular points, 
or the needle point. The latter is a piece of tempered 
steel wire, about 3-32in. in diameter, and 54in. long, each 
end turned down so as to leave a very fine point about 
i-32in. long projecting from a square shoulder. This 
piece is held in a sleeve with a binding screw in the 
Fig. 48 — Beam Compass. 
end of the leg. The needle point is considered to damage 
the paper less, where much work is done from one point, 
than the solid steel point. It is, however, more clumsy 
and heavy, and somewhat in the way of a clear sight in 
setting the instrument to any given points on the paper. 
For those who can handle the compasses and dividers 
with the delicacy which such tools really demand, the 
plain solid point will be found better in every way. The 
compasses are usually fitted with a lengthening bar, a 
straight piece with a male fitting at one end and female 
at the other, by means of which one leg can be lengthened 
for drawing circles of large diameter, see Fig. 43. The 
large compasses are much less used in marine drafting 
than in mechanical and architectural work, and for the 
former ^ve should prefer a pair with one solid leg with a 
single joint in the center, ending in the English point, the 
other leg being fitted with a similar point, movable, and 
also pen and pencil points. The average size for this 
instrument is about 6in., and it is als'o duplicated in a 
smaller size, of about sKin. The larger size will sweep a 
circle of 12 to I4in. diameter, with lengthening bar, and 
from that down to ^in. or less; but it is a clumsy tool 
for small circles. The snialler size is intended for medium 
and small circles, but for the latter it is inferior to the 
bozv compasses. Figs. 45, 46. In these the upper joint is 
omitted, the two legs forming a single steel forging with 
a small ivory handle on top. About the middle of their 
length they are joined by a long screw and nut. by which 
they can be drawn together, their upper parts being thin 
and elastic. They do not permit as much variation of 
size as the regular compass form, but they are m.ore con- 
venient and more accurate for circles within their capa- 
city. They may be had with either plain or needle point, 
but each is made up as a separate tool, bow-dividers, bozv- 
pencil compass and boiv-pen. 
Theoretically, the small bow-compasses will draw the 
Fig. 44 — Bayonet Joint. 
smallest possible circle, but practically there is only one 
good tool for very small circles, under %.'m. diameter. 
This, the drop compass. Fig. 47, is a comparatively new 
tool, and differs from the ordinary compass and bozij- 
coriipass, in that the whole tool does not revolve in draw- 
ing a circle, but the leg which carries the pencil or pen 
revolves around a stationary axis, a plain, straight leg of 
steel wire. As the marking leg moves freely up and down 
on the stationary leg, the pen may be lifted from the 
paper and poised clear of it until properly adjusted, then 
dropped lightly and swung around by the thumb and 
second finger, the central stem being held vertical by the 
forefinger. With this tool a circle may be drawn al- 
most touching the fine central point. 
In all forms of compasses and dividers the instrument 
should .stand all possible tests that will show the two legs 
to be in absolutely the same plane, whether closed or 
opened. In the compasses with joined legs, the points of 
these legs should come accurately together when the main 
legs are wide apart at the top and the points turned in. 
In the spring bows the sides should be firm and rigid, 
whether open or closed, and the screw and nut should 
work smoothly and easily. 
For circles over 12 to I4in. in diameter, the beam com- 
pass, Fig. 48, is used. This tool consists of a bar of wood 
or metal of any desired length, at one end being a fixed 
head carrying a plain or a needle point. Another head, 
carrying a plain point, a pencil or a pen, at will, is fitted 
to slide on the bar; being clamped in place and provided 
with a screw for very fine adjustment. The only limit 
to the diameter of the circle is the length of bar. which 
can be swung and handled. This tool in a heavier form 
is used by machinists under the name of trammel points. 
The Yachtsman of Dec. 22 is a double number, very 
fully illustrated and containing many articles on yachting 
subjects. We note with regret the announcement of the 
discontinuance of the Yachting Monthly Magazine, pub- 
lished by the same firm; which has become quite an ad- 
dition to the regular periodical literature of yachting. It 
is announced, however, that the Yachtsman will be per- 
manently enlarged in the near future, 
The New Benzon Rules. 
The Danish yachtsman, Mr. Alfred Benzon, of Copen- 
hagen, is the author of many original and ingenious 
propositions relating to A^acht measurement, which prove 
him_ to be a careful thinker and a thorough student of the 
subject. The following details of a v&ry comprehensive 
scheme, devised by him, and just adopted by the Detitscher 
Segler Verband, are given by Mr. Juliu's Gabe in the 
special Christmas number of the Yachting World. 
Every rating rtde is to a certain extent the outcome of 
some existing evil, either real or imaginary. Every evil, 
and_ as such the large proportion of yachtsmen regard 
craft like Hammonia and Trirumphf, has been evolved 
by the previous rating rule. And thus the cycle of events 
is likely to continue its revolutions. What particular 
monstrosities are likely to be created by Mr. Alfred Ben- 
zon's latest rules, it is, of course,' impossible to fore- 
tell. That ingenuity, running riot, is capable of finding a 
loophole, which has not been guarded against, is only 
within the nature of things. And thaf the framer of the 
new rules fully realized this fact has been amply proven 
by the insertion of some very cunning clauses, which in- 
vest a bod}'^ of technical commissioners, as a supreine 
court of appeal, with practically unlimited discretionary 
power. 
The new formula for measuring racers is not new, since 
it is to all intent the same as the Y. R. A. formula, which 
has been in force in this country for the last three years, 
during which period the sport of yacht racing, despite the 
prophetic croakings of numerous grumblers, has by no 
means gone to the dogs. Thus, with the aid of experiences 
gained in Great Britain, the new racer formula cannot be 
said to be an unknown quantity. The only point in which 
it differs from that of the Y. R. A. is the substitution of 
a quarter instead of a half of the square root of the sail 
area. Mr. Benzon's avo>ved object is to encourage a 
larger sail spread. Mr. Frbude proposed to abolish alto- 
gether the tax on sail. 
The idea of having two formulas, one for cruisers and 
the other for racers, is a very rational one. If an owner 
wishes to build a yacht for racing purposes only, he can 
do so, as under the Y. R. A. rules, without regard to 
scantling, displacement or comfort — for speed only. If 
he requires a cruiser-racer, he must conform to certain 
rules of scantling and comfort, a cabin is a sine qua non 
in the cruiser. The greater fullness of the vessel's under- 
water body, and the higher her freeboard, the less she will 
rate under the cruiser formula. Cruisers are allowed to 
compete with racers, not vice versa. 
A comparison of the different values under the' old 
(German) and the new rules .shows that one old "sail 
unit" in the small classes equals from two to three "sail 
lengths" (Segel Lange, S, L., is the old German term) ; 
one old "sail unit" in the middle classes comes out ap- 
proximately the same as one "sail length" ; while one old 
"sail unit" in the larger classes equals one-half to one- 
third "sail length." Thus a comparison of the two values 
is somewhat misleading, since Comet (Thistle) comes out 
under the new formula as 23.7 "sail lengths" against 
Oberspree's 12.4 "sail lengths." Their previous com- 
parative sizes were : Comet, ,15 "sail units" ; Oberspree, 
17 "sail units." As a rough and ready method of approxi- 
mately calculating the new values, it may be taken that the 
"sail lengths" will number about the same as the yacht's 
waterline in meters. The main points of the new rules 
are as follows: 
Measurement Rules. 
A — General Rules. 
1. Application of Measurement Rules. — For all open 
matches the sizes of the competing racing or cruising 
yachts are determined by the following measurement rules, 
the result of which is the rating, or racing value R. 
2. Duration of the Measurement Rules. — The following 
measurement rules are to hold good in the first place for 
a period of three years, and should by that time no im- 
perative reasons for an alteration be brought forward, for 
a further period of two years. 
3. Alterations of the Measurement Rules. — Alterations 
of the measurement rules can only be made at the an- 
nual general meeting of the Deutscher Segler Verband, 
and then only by a majority of at least two-thirds of the 
recorded votes. Proposals for any alterations have to be 
made in accordance with clause 5 of the constitutional 
rules. 
4. Technical Commissioners. — The committee of the 
Deutscher Segler Verband nominates on the recommenda- 
tion of the general meeting for the period of the dura» 
tion of the measurement rules three technical honorary 
commissioners as a supreme court of appeal in all ques- 
tions of a technical nature referring to these rules. 
5. Abnormal Constructions. — Yachts of abnormal form 
or construction, and yachts which circumvent the meaning 
of the rules though within their wording, are debarred 
from all open matches. Such disqualification has to be 
decided by the technical commissioners. The builders or 
owners of such yachts have the right before commencing 
any construction or alteration to obtain the technical com- 
missioners' decision. 
B — Measurement. 
6. Obtaining the Rating. — The rating of a racing yacht 
is ascertained by the following formula: 
Cruisers are measured thus: 
L-HBfK G+J^ S A-l-a F. 
In the above R signified the rating value; L, .the length of 
