Jan, 2^, 1899.] 
either decimally in equal parts, or with certain arbitrary 
distances, one-third, one-fourth, etc. By means of these 
marks, or of a special table of ratios, if the division is 
eqtial for the whole length, the instnmient may be set for 
a very large number of combinations. It may be so ad- 
justed that when the distance between one pair of points 
represents the radius of a circle, the distance of the other 
tv/o represents the side of a sciuare, pentagon, octagon, or 
other figure inscribed in the circle, or when one pair rep- 
resents the diameter of a circle, the other represents the cir- 
cumference in the form of a straight line; or the side of 
a square of equal area to tbe circle. 
The principal use of this instrument in marine drafting 
is to translate a given design from one scale to another, 
either larger or smaller, If, for instance, the original 
drawing shows a yacht of 40ft. l.w.l. to a scale of lin. to 
the foot, the instrument may be so adjusted tliat the dis- 
tances taken by it will produce a new drawing of 50ft. 
l.w^l., enlarged in accurate proportion throughout, to the 
same scale of lin., or to any other desired. For work of 
this kind, which is of very frequent occurrence, it is most 
useful; but it is a very awkward instrument to use; it is 
clumsy to handle, difficult to adjust to the spot unless by 
means of a screw movement, which is slow ; and unless 
very accurately adjusted there is considerable error in 
enlarging; the amount of error being increased in pjro- 
portion to the ratio of enlargement. 
As a convenient means for measuring and transferrin,g 
distances, the plain strip of paper with a straight edge de- 
serA'es mention with the more expensive tools, for many 
purposes it has practically the accuracy of the dividers, 
and is even more expeditious. For instance, in taking 
off heights or half-breadths to be set off on another part 
of the drawing, a strip of paper may be laid down and 
the points marked off with a hard pencil; in larger woi'k 
a light batten of wood is used in the same manner. 
The Yacht Racing Association of 
Long Island Sound. 
The result of the winter work of the executive com- 
mittee of the Y. R. A. of Long Island Sound in amend- 
ing and extending the rules is here given, At the gen- 
eral meeting of Nov. 3 the executive committee was in- 
structed to draw up limitations, covering different points, 
and the work was recently approved and accepted at a 
general meeting: 
Measutement. 
I. Yachts of the 36ft. class and all larger classes shall 
he rated by racing measurement, which shall be deter- 
mined by adding together the load waterline length, the 
beam, .75 of the girth and .5 of the square root of the 
sail area, and dividing t^e sum by 2. 
I..W.L.-|-B.H-;75 G.-I-.5 Vs. A 
= R. M. 
2. The load waterline lengtli shall be the distance in a 
straight line between the points furthest forward and 
furthest aft, Avhere the hull, exclusive of the rudder stock, 
is intersected by the surface of the water, when the yacht 
is afloat in racing trim, in smooth water, with any person 
or persons who may be aboard when the measurement is 
being taken stationed amidships. 
If any part of the stem, sternpost or other part of the 
yacbt below the load waterline projects beyond the length 
thus measured, such projection shall be added to the meas- 
ured length ; and a form, resulting from the cutting away 
of the fair line of the stem, sternpost or the ridge of the 
counter, for the apparent purpose of shortening the load 
waterline, shall be measured between f.air lines. 
The measurement for load waterline length shall be 
made with the same number of persons on board as are 
allowed for crew in the yacht's class, whose average 
weight shall not be less than isolbs. ; or, at the option of 
the measurer, with a dead weight equivalent thereto. 
The measurer at the time of taking his measurements 
shall affix a metal plate as a distinctive, permanent mark 
at each end of the load waterline. 
3. The beam shall be taken from outside to outside of 
the planking on the broadest part of the yacht, and no 
allowance should be made for wales, double planks or 
mouldings of any kind. 
4. The girth shall be taken from load waterline to load 
waterline under the keel at a point 0.6 of the distance 
between the outer edges of the length marks from the 
fore end. The girth shall be measured along the actual 
outline of the vertical cross-section at that point at right 
angles to the load waterline. If the draft forward of 
that point exceeds the draft at that point, twice such ex- 
cess shall be added to the girth. In taking these measure- 
ments all hollows on the fore and aft under water profile 
of the yacht to be treated as filled up straight. 
To the girth of centerboard yachts must be added twice 
the distance between the lower side of the keel to the 
center of the area of the centerboard when lowered to its 
full extent. Centerboards when ballasted, except to over- 
come flotation, fitted with bulbs or otherwise, to be meas- 
ured as fixed keels. 
Measurers shall mark the points for measuring the girth 
as follows : By fixing three metal plates of suitable size 
on each side of the yacht not less than 2in. or more than 
6in. above the load waterline level, and parallel thereto, 
and not less than 3ft., or more than 6ft., from end to end, 
and so that , the center mark of the three coincides with 
the distance 0.6 from the fore edges of the length marks 
at bow. The measurer shall also place a plate coinciding 
with this center mark under the rail or covering board, 
and another on the side of the keel perpendicular to the 
load waterline level. The distance between the load 
waterline level and the horizontal marks to be measured 
when the yacht is afloat in smooth water, and deducted 
from the girth as obtained from center mark to center 
mark. 
Measurers may accept for the measurement of girth the 
designer's written certificate or drawing, certified to as 
being correct by designer and builder. But this shall not 
relieve the owner from fixing the marks heretofore de- 
scribed, or relieve him from the responsibility of the 
accuracy of the certificate and proper position of the 
marks. In the event of a measurement protest the yacht 
must be measured as heretofore provided. 
FOREST AND smiSAM. 
5. The sail area shall be ascertained by taking a perpen- 
dicular along the after side of the mainmast from the un- 
der side of the siheave of the highest halyard block or 
sheave on the topmast, to the upper side of the boom when 
resting on the saddle or on the lowest part of the goose- 
neck, the distance of which point from the main deck or 
house deck shall be recorded by the measurer, as well as 
the other points used in measurement. 
The forward point of measurement 'of the base line shall 
be midAvay between the intersection of the bowsprit and 
jib topsail stay, and the center of the tack cringle of the 
jib or flying jib when set. The after point of measure- 
ment shall be the outer end -of the main boom in schoon- 
ers, cutters, sloops and catboats, and of the mizzen boom 
in yawls. 
The main topmast shall be measured from the hounds? 
of the lower mast to the under side of the sheave of the 
highest halyard block or sheave on the topmast ; 80 pet 
cent, of this length shall be deducted from the extreme 
length of the main gafi^, measured from the inside of the 
jaws to the outer end, and the remainder shall be added 
to the base line. 
In all cases where the length of the spinaker boom ex- 
ceeds the distance from the forward side of the forward 
mast to the forward point of measurement, such excess 
shall be added to the base line. The length to be taken 
for the spinaker boom shall be the extreme distance of its 
outer end from the center of the fore side of the mast on 
which it is carried, measured when the boom is in place 
for uae. 
In pole-masted yachts and those not carrying topmasts, 
the distance between the under side of the sheave in the 
throat-halyard block and the under side of the-sheave in 
the uppermost halyard block or sheave on the mast shall 
be used for determining the length of the base line iti the 
same way as is the topmast when one is carried. 
In yachts which do not carry headsail, the forward point 
of measurement for the base line shall be the after side of 
the mast, or of the foremast, if there is more than one 
mast. 
The sail area from these figures is obtained by multiply- 
ing the corrected base by the perpendicular, and dividing 
by two. 
Where in any case, owing to peculiarity of rig. the 
sail area of a yacht cannot in the opinion of the measurer 
be fairly measured in the customary way, he may, with 
the sanction of the race committee, take such measure- 
ments as will enable him to compute the actual area of 
sail carried, or that may be carried on the spars used. 
The prescribed method of mea.suring .shall, however, 
be adhered to in all cases where practicable, and where 
the leach of a sail is extended beyond a straight line, or 
where as in a lug mainsail the luff extends forward of the 
mast or the head is rounded, the increased area resulting 
shall be added to that obtained by the customary measure- 
ment. 
6. Any yacht the racing measurement of which, thus 
ascertained, exceeds the maximum limit of the class in 
which she raced prior to Dec. i, 1898, shall 'be allowed to 
race in such class, but shall allow time on the basis of her 
new racing measurement. 
7. Yachts of the 30ft. class and all smaller classes 
shall be rated for classification and time allowance by 
racing measurement, which shall be determined hy adding 
to the load waterline the square root of the sail area and 
dividing the sum by 2. 
L.W.L.4-*'S. A. 
= R. M. 
8. The racing measurement of a yacht launched after 
Dec. I, 1898, shall be assumed to be the maximum limit of 
her class. Any yacht the measurement of which has been 
increased, by changes in dimensions, to such extent as to 
place her in a class above that in which she raced prior 
to that date, shall assume the maximum length of that 
class. 
9. If a yacht, after having been officially measured, be 
increased in any dimension that is a factor in determin- 
ing her racing measurement, the yacht must be remeas- 
ured before starting in a race. 
10. If through protest the' measurement of a yacht be 
called in question, the race committee shall direct the 
measurer to remeasure such yacht, and the result as re- 
ported by him shall be final. The usual fee for measuring 
shall be collected from the owner if the measurement be 
found to exceed the measurement filed, and from the per- 
son protesting if. not. 
The owner of a yacht so protested shall present his 
yacht for measurement immediately after the race, when 
so required by the race committee. 
11. A yacht whose official racing measurement has not 
been filed with the race committee prior to the start of a 
race shall not be eligible to compete. 
12. The weight of ballast of yachts launched after Dec. 
I, 1898, shall not exceed 0.6 of the displacement. 
Qassification. 
I. All yachts shall be classified by racing measurement, 
and shall be divided into classes as follows : 
. Schooners. 
1st Class — All over looft. 
looft. Class — Not over looft., and over Soft. 
Soft, tlass — Not over Soft., and over 65ft. 
65ft. Class — Not over 6sft. 
Sloops, Cutters and Yazvls. 
1st Class— All over 65ft. 
65ft. Class— Not over 6sft., and over 52ft. 
52ft. Class — Not over S2ft., and over 43ft. . 
'43ft. Class — Not over 43ft., and over 36ft. 
36ft. Class — Not over 36ft., and over 30ft. 
30ft. Class — Not OA-er 30ft., and over 25ft. 
25ft. Class — Not over 25ft., and over 21ft. 
2ift. Class — Not over 21ft., and over :Sft. 
iSft. Class— Not over I'Sft. 
Catboats. 
30ft. Class — Not over 30ft., and over 25ft. 
25ft. Class — Not over 25ft., and over 21ft. 
2ift. Class — Not over 21ft., and over 18ft. 
i8ft. Class— Not over i8ft. 
Knockabouts. 
25ft, load waterline Class. 
. 77 
2ift. load waterline Cla^s. 
2. The knockabout classes shall include only such yachts 
as have been, or shall be, built in accordance with the 
definitions and restrictions appended. 
3. All yachts of 30ft. racing measurement and under 
shall be sepajt^ated into two divisions, to be known respec- 
tively as the cruising division and the racing division. 
The cruising division .shall irtclude all knockabout 
yachts ; also all cabin sloops, cutters and yawls of the 30ft. 
and 25ft. classes, all open sloops of the 21ft. and l8ft. 
classes, all cabin catboats of the 30ft. and 25ft. classes, 
and all open catboats of the 21ft. and iSft. classes, the con- 
struction of which is in accordance with the table of 
scantlings appended. But any yacht in existence Dec. f, 
i8g8, that is of substantial construction, conforming prac- 
tically to the table of scantlings, shall be considered as in 
the cruising division. ♦ 
The racing division sliall include all other yachts of 
30ft. racing measui-ement and under. 
Definition of a Cafcin Yacht, 
A cabin yacht is intended to be a seaworthy type of 
cruising and racing yacht, substantially constructed, prop- 
erly ballasted and with moderate sail plan, either a flush 
deck or with cabin trunk on deck, having suitable cabin 
accommodations below, and conforming to the limitations 
herein mentioned. 
Headroom. 
The minimum headroom in the clear, under deck or 
cabin trunk beams, over the entire required cabin floor, 
exclusive of skylights and hatches, shall be as follows : 
Class . . .■ 2Sft. 30ft. 36ft. 
Headroom 3ft. pin, 4ft. 6in. 5ft. 6in. 
Cabin Trunk. 
The height of cabin trunk when used, measured from 
the level of under side of planksheer to the under side of 
cabin trunk, shall not exceed 2in. for every foot of greatest 
beam. 
Cabin Floor. 
The cabin shall have a floor between frames amidships 
in width not less than one-quarter the greatest beam, and 
in length not less than the following : 
Class 25ft. 30ft. 36ft. 
Cabin floor, length 7i't. loft. i'4ft. 
FixtU7'cs. 
There shall be a substantial partition at the after end of 
cabin, and two permanent lockers, and suitable fixed berths 
or transoms for the accommodation of the crew. 
Fittings. 
The cabin shall contain cushions orThattresses for the 
berths or transoms ; one blanket for each berth or for each 
length of 7ft. of transom ; stove, cooking utensils, and a 
receptacle for two gallons of water. 
Yachts shall carry anchors^of the following weight: 
Class 25ft. 30ft. 36ft. 
Weight , 3olb. 4olb. 551b. 
and cable of the following dimensions : 
Class 25ft. 30ft. 36ft. 
Length . . . lOoft. ij^in. 130ft. sin. isoft. 2]4'in. 
Yachts shall also carry life preserv^ers, compass, riding 
light, fog horn, bucket, and boat hook. 
All fittings and fixtures herein mentioned shall be suit- 
able for cruising purposes, and shall not be removed, or 
substituted by articles smaller, or of lighter weight. 
Ballast. 
All ballast must be below the floor of cabin or coclcpii. 
Alterations. 
Alterations made on existing yachts must conform to 
these limitations. 
Definitions and Restrictions of Racing Knockabout Classes. 
Definition. 
A boat of this type is intended to be a seaworthy boat, 
with cabin house and fair accommodations; with water- 
tight standing room or air tanks of sufficient capacity to 
float the boat when full of water ; rigged simply with only 
mainsail, forestaysail or jib, and spinaker. 
Classes. 
There are to be two classes, one of 2sft. l.w.l. and one of 
2ift. l.w.l. The waterline shall be measured with full 
equipment and crew on board. 
Beam. 
The beam at L.W.L. shall not be less than specified in 
table. 
Freeboard. 
Freeboard shall not be less than specified, except that 
a reduction of lin. will be allowed for every increase of 
I ft. in beam. 
Centerboard. 
Centerboard, when used, shall be of wood, and must not 
be weighted more heavily than is necessary to sink it 
readily. 
Cabin Floor. 
The cabin shall have a floor between frames amidships 
in width not less than one-quarter the greatest beam, and 
in length not less than specified. 
Headroom. 
The minimum headroom over the required floor space in 
the clear shall be not less than specified. 
, Fixtures. 
. There shall be a partition of the thickness specified at 
the after end of cabin, which shall be fitted with two per- ■ 
mknent lockers. 
Draff. 
The draft shall be within the limits specified. 
Ballast. 
The total outside fixed ballast shall not be less than 
specified for the required beam. A proportional reduction 
of ballast shall be allowed for each inch increase in beam. 
Certificate of weight of ballast shall be furnished the 
measurer by designer and builder. 
Scantling, Planking and Construction. 
The keel, stem, frame, house and deck beams shall be 
of oak or its equivalent in strength. Deck clamps shall 
