Feb. 11, iSgg.] 
FOREST AND STREAM. 
US 
Points and Fltjshes» 
Those who will tUfn to Answers to Correspondents will 
find several queries from parties who wish to purchase, 
dogs, The ansAvers thereto will explain our inability to 
give the information so much sought by the inquirer and 
of suph Mraterial value to breeders. 
Ripsey. 
Baltimore, Feb. 2. — Ripsey is grand. I had his coun- 
terpart in my old dog Bob fifty years ago. Oh, how the 
picture takes me back to my early years. 
E. S. Young. 
As the yachting journal of America, the Forest and Stream is 
the recognized medium of communication between the maker of 
yachtsmen's supplies and the yachting public Its value for ad- 
vertising has been aemonstrated by patrons who have employed 
its columns continuously for years. 
It seems, as we conjectured at the outset, that the 
Dominion has proved a very hard nut to crack, and that 
thus far no method of barring her on fair technical 
grounds has been discovered. The revised conditions 
for the Seawanhaka cup match of 1899, as just published, 
make no allusion whatever to her, and if they bar the 
type at all it is indirectly and in a roundabout way. If 
a designer is skilftil enough to cut down Dominion's 
over-aU length by 3ft. 4in. and to bring the gunwales to- 
gether at the fore end with a "fair" sweep within a total 
angle of 70 degrees, he is apparently at liberty to divide 
the bottom of the hull at will; at least up to the water, 
if not to the full extent of Dominion* 
Whatever the indirect penalty on the Dominion type, 
the changes hit directly at another type, which was pro- 
duced by and fully developed by the Seawanhaka cup 
races. This is the sCow type, introduced by Mr. Hunt- 
ington in Question, the ig-footer of 1895, followed by 
Willada, Hope, Skate, Kenen and Akabo. The different 
varieties of square bows developed in these boats are all 
prohibited under the restrictions of Article IX., and a de- 
cided change of model will be necessary to adapt this 
division of the scow type to the future races for the cup, 
The particular type which is directly recognized by the 
revised cotiditions is that originated by Mr. Duggan in 
Glencairn 1., perfected in Glencaitn IL afid Speculator, 
and adopted by Mr. Crane in Seawanhaka, Cicada and 
Challenger, 
As far as practical results go, this type is in no way 
nearer to the wholesome yacht than Dominion is, and 
as a racing machine it is decidedly inferior in speed, and 
also in seaworthiness, as tested up to the present time. 
The problem of producing anything better than an ex- 
treme racing machine is just as far from a solution as 
it was a year ago, nor has it been advanced by the recent 
charige of the Quincy Y. C. conditions Hn the same di- 
rection as the Seawanhaka C. Y. C. The newly revised 
conditions of the Quincy Y. C. challenge cup contain the 
following restriction: "No point of any cross section of 
3- yacht shall be lower than its center." While this does 
effectually bar the double hull boat, it fails entirely in the 
main object of promoting a desirable type of racing ma- 
chine, which is all that can be asked in these cup 
matches. Under this restriction, a man may build any 
sort of misshapen box, with no semblance of a yacht 
and no good quality to recommend her except speed 
obtained by a palpable evasion of the letter and spirit of 
the measurement rule. At the same time, he is forbidden 
to build a freak of somewhat different form, but of de- 
cided superiority in speed and other qualities. 
If it is fair and legitimate for a designer to abandon 
all conventional yacht forms with d^adrise great or little, 
and to build a box with a perfectly flat bottom, there is 
no sound scientific reason why he should not put in a 
hollow of I, 2, 3 or even more inches if he gains speed 
thereby. Even admitting that his rights stop at the water 
and that a yacht with a hollow showing above water 
should be barred as of a different type, it is obviously 
most unreasonable and unjust to penalize the one partic- 
iifar detail of what may be called "negative deadrise," 
while recognizing the legitimacy of all kinds of freak 
form.s. ' 
The atte'mpts thus far made to bar the Dominion type, 
as in these two instances, merely go to prove that the 
yacht clubs are not able to handle this important ques- 
tion in a scientific manner, but are forced to resort to 
superficial restrictions which can accomplish no perma- 
nent good. 
Yacht Designmg,-XXIIL 
' By W. p. STEPHENS. 
{Continued fr-om /age TT, Jan. 28 ; 
The illustrations accompanying this article are copyrighted, by 
the Keuffel & Esser Co., New YorJc, to whom we are indebted 
for their use. 
Conventional measurements, according to some fixed 
standard such as the foot or meter, are made in two 
ways, directly, to the exact size of the standard ; or in- 
directly, to some smaller (or larger) absolute size, but 
with all divisions in proportion to the original. For the 
former purpose, which is that of the builder rather than 
the designer, the familiar 2ft. rule is used in America and 
Great Britain; a tool that hardly needs an illustration or 
a detailed description. On it the standard unit, ift., is 
divided into twelve equal parts, each called an inch. The 
mch is commonly subdivided into sixteen parts, or on 
one edge of the rule into eights and on another into six- 
teenths. In surveying, general engineering work, and in 
the racing measurements of yachts, the foot is divided 
into ten instead of twelve parts, each having no other 
name than tenth, and these in turn are also decimally 
divided into hundredths. Convenient as it is in many 
ways, the decimal division is not used in yacht build- 
ing, the inch being preferred, through long use, to the 
itenth. In France and the other European countries the 
i^netrical systetja of weights and measures is exclusiveiy 
used, the unit of length being the meter, nominally one- 
ten millionth part of the quarter of the earth's .circum- 
ference. The standard meter is equivalent to 3.28ft. and 
^0 39-37jti. Its subdivisions, all, of course, decimal, are 
the decimeter, 3.93in. ; the centimeter, o.393in. ; and the 
millimeter, o.03937in. In French and German designs the 
scale is always a portion of a meter. 
The rule or measure, as already stated, is art instru- 
ment for actual construction, full size; but the work of 
the designer is necessarily done on a very much smaller 
scale, from one-tWelfth to one-forty-cighth size. What is 
called a scale is a miniature copy of the common car- 
penter's rule; reduced to one-eighth, one-twelfth, oue- 
twenty-fourth full size, etc. Scales or miniature rules are 
used in all branches of the draftsman's work, and they 
vary greatly in size, divisions and other details, Where 
it is necessary, through lack of space, to make a drawing 
to soMe reduced size, of course retaining all the propor- 
tions of the original object, the simplest form of scale is 
that found on the common carpenter's rule. If the eighths 
of an inch, as marked on the rule, be assumed to repre- 
sent each lin., then twelve of them, covering i}4m. on the 
rule, will represent ift. ; and the scale will be i^Am. to the 
foot. If we take the other edge of the rule, with its divi- 
sion into sixteenths, each sixteenth will represent ^in. 
For any ordinary plotting to scale on the bench, this im- 
promptu scale is very convenient. 
For regvdar use on the drawing board, special scales are 
made, the unit, representing the foot, being divided into 
ten or twelve equal parts, and these in turn being sub- 
divided into more minute spaces, according to the accuracy 
required by the particular work in hand. For marine 
drafting the smallest subdivision is seldom less than 
i-48in., a distance representing }4in. on a scale of lin. 
to the foot ; I-I2in. divided by 4. The smallest scale 
of feet and inches is that of ^in. to the foot, in which the 
subdivisions representing inches (i-g6in,) are marked. 
The scales in common use are: 4, 3, 2, jyi, i, yi, 
Ya and J^in. to the foot. These scales, divided duode- 
cimally to represent inches and their fractions, are used in 
Taking first the simpl;^-dwided scales, they may be in 
turn divided into two kinds, called open divided and full 
divided, or chain scales. On the open divided scale. Fig. 
54, the unit, as lin. or ^in., is laid off a certain number 
of times, according to the length of the scale; but only 
one of the end divisions is subdivided to represent the 
inches and fractions. On the full divided scale, Fig. 55', 
each 'unit for the full length of the edge is subdivided. 
The architect's scales, as they are sometimes called,, of 
inches or parts of an inch to the foot, with duodecimal 
divisions, are usually open divided; while the engineer's 
scales, of so many parts to the inch, decimally divide«J. 
are usually full divided. 
Scales are made in several fortns and of different ma- 
terials, steel. German silver, ivory, boxwood and card- 
board, not to mention some of the commoner woods. The" 
steel scales are largely used by machinists at the lathe 
and bench, being accurate and durable; they are not con 
Venient for the draftsman, except that a standard steel! 
rule of 2ft. or more in length is a great convenience im 
laying off the main lines of a drawing and establi.shing 
accurately the principal points. German silver makes aj 
light and durable scale, but the surface is trying to the 
eyes, aad the smaller divisions are hard to read. At the 
same time it is well adapted for very accurate measure- 
ments, as a fine needle may be slipped down the smallest 
division of the scale until it touches the paper Ivory 
was once highly esteemed for scales, but there is no ex- 
cuse to-day for putting money into this material, as, being 
given to warping and twisting, it is less durable than 
other less costly materials. The plain boxwood scale 
is quite as good as ivory in practical use, and costs only 
one-fourth the price; but a still better scale is made of 
boxwood faced with a white substance, which shows 
the back lines in bold contrast. These scales, introduced 
not many years since, but now generally sold, are as 
good as any that can be had. A cheap scale, costing about 
20 cents each for an i8in. length, is printed on cardboard, 
usually full divided, and to be had in all the standard 
divisions of the architects and engineers' scales. It is 
1 1 1 1' r i 
1 el o| lb 
rni 1 
J 
Uihii'i i>H titI iItI riti rivi iivi rivi ri'ri 
ih'li!TlilTlilvli!ThlYiil-T 
lilVliTHi'lVliTThTrliTrliTi' 
Fig, 
54— open-divided Scale. 
^iiii|iiiijiiii|iiMjjiii|iiii^ninnn^iiii 
iin^j^iiii)iiii^|iiii|iu 1 u 1 1 M 1 
^|nr.)U|i^iri,|ilM_jjTn|UM,|_iMl 
«h1l'hli'^^h»hli^ilrMi*l*h^Mi*F,li8|!,hf 
•iMl?lll.»llfflhflh»Mll'lllFlh1il 
ihlirJ 
Fig. 55 — Full-divided Scale or Chain Scale. 
laying off and measuring designs, and for all work that 
goes to the builder. For many purposes of calculation, the 
decimal scales are used, the scale of 100 parts to the inch 
corresponding with that of lin. to the" foot; the scale of 
forty parts to the inch corresponding with the Y^m. scale, 
etc. The usual decimal divisions are 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 
80 and 100 parts to the inch. 
The varieties of form, material, construction and 
methods of division in scales are so numerous that it is 
difficult to classify them according to any system. The 
first division which suggests itself is that of straight 
scales, intended for measuring straight lines, and curved 
scales, as they may be called, for measuring angles, the 
common name being protractor. These two varieties may 
be further subdivided into plain scales and plotting scales. 
In the plain scale the division may be made at any con- 
venient place on some flat surface; the scale being used 
by applying the dividers or a straight strip of paper to 
it and setting or marking the desired distance ; the dividers 
or paper being then applied to the drawing, and the dis- 
tance set off ; or the process is reversed, some distance on 
the drawing being taken off with the dividers, which are 
then applied to the scale, giving the measure of the dis- 
tance. A very familiar instance of the plain scale is found 
in the Coast Survey charts, on which are printed, in a 
corner or near the margin, a scale of statute miles, a scale 
of nautical miles, and a scale of kilometers. The protrac- 
tor is also represented on the chart by one or more com- 
pass roses, divided into points and sometimes into de- 
grees as well. 
The plotting scale is not only entirely separate from 
the drawing, but all the divisions appear on the edge, so 
that the scale may be used by applying directly to any 
part of the chart or drawing and marking or measuring 
the desired distance. The plain scales were much more 
used formerly than at the present time, when a larger 
demand and more perfect machines for graduation have 
improved the quality and lessened the cost of single 
wood or metal scales ; so that a number of plotting scales 
are used, in place of one or two plain scales. Certain 
forms of the plain scale, such as 'Gimter's scale and the 
sector, are still used in navigation, chart making and 
trigonometrical calculations, but not in ordinarj' drafting. 
For all ordinary plotting and measuring, the separate 
plotting scale is far more convenient, but there is one 
form oi plain scale which is still used. No kind of draw- 
ing paper or cloth is free from contraction and ex- 
pansion from atmospheric causes, and where extreme 
accuracy is essential the scale of the drawing is con- 
structed directly on the paper, thus altering in size with 
the lines themselves. In printed drawings of any kind, 
charts, yacht designs, etc., such a plain scale is always use- 
ful, as the paper must be wetted in the printing and 
through this or other caUses the printed lines may differ 
very much from the original drawing. 
Still another important difference in scales is in the 
methods of division or graduation, of which there are 
three : 
Simnle \ °P^" divided, 
bimple-^ full divided. 
Diagonal. 
Vernier. 
In simply-divided scales a line, either the edge of the 
scale if a plotting scale, or at some convenient place if a 
plain scale, is divided into a number of equal parts. In 
the diagonal scale, which is of necessity a plain scale, to 
be used only through the medium of the dividers, the 
subdivision is carried much further by means of diagonal 
lines. In the vernier, the main scale is accompanied by 
an auxiliary one, by means of which very minute meas- 
urements may be made, 
light, easily read, and the divisions are accurate, being 
carefully cut out on the stone from which the scale iS' 
printed ; but its accuracy in another direction is not to be 
implicitly relied on, as the cardboard will shrink more 
or less after printing, so that the total length of the 
scale varies a little from the absolute standard of a good 
wooden scale. In many cases this is a matter of small 
importance, the error of the scale is no greater than the 
shrinkage of the drawing paper after the first lines are 
plotted ; but on the whole it is more satisfactory to have 
a full set of scales of the wood and composition men- 
tioned. 
The Canada Ctip. 
The Hamilton yachtsmen promise to take an active 
part in the defense of the Canada cup, as three 35-footers 
are building there. One is for a syndicate including 
Messrs. F. E. Walker, Wm. Burnside, R. C. Chilman 
and F. Carpenter, the yacht being built by Robinson and 
Burnside. Another is for a joint stock syndicate, the 
shares being $50 each, Messrs. Fearnside ana Johnston 
being at the head. 
On the other side of the Lake the Rochester Y, C. ha^ 
formed a syndicate, and the following committee has beei; 
appointed: Com. A. G. Wright, Vice-Com. Norman E. 
Compton. J. G. Averill, Frank T. Christie, J. E. Bur- 
roughs, T. B. Pritchard, James S. Watson, Fred S. Rog- 
ers, James S. Graham, Arthur T. Hogan, J. R. W^hite, 
Frank S. Peer, E. N. Walbridge, Buell Mills and Albert 
E. Vogt. 
Messrs. Watson and Sibley have each subscribed $1,000 
toward the yacht. A stock company will be formed, 
the shares being $10 each. 
The following is from the Chicago Herald; 
Great secrecy is manifested in the construction of a 
yacht on a Uttle island in the Calumet River, near the 
east bank at Ninety-third street. Two armed guards 
were the only tenants of the island yesterday, the work- 
men having laid otf because of the cold weather. 
A 25 by 6oft. frame structure, within which the model 
was hidden, was locked, and a request to be permitted 
to look at the boat met with a peremptory refusal.' The 
watchmen claimed not to know the names of the pro- 
prietors of the miniature shipyard, nor to what use the 
craft under surveillance woul.d be put when completed. 
From another source the information was obtained that 
a yacht was being built on racing lines, presumably to 
compete in the Canadian cup races. 
The plot of land upon which operations are being so 
secretly conducted is a disused stretch of sand and shrub- 
bery known as Hauslcr's Island. Its selection was 
doubtless the result of the seclusion it offered. Now that 
its use is made known, knowledge of the mysterious 
yacht may soon follow. 
The Lake papers are still busy with the complaints 
from Toledo, which we mentioned last week. 
On Jan. 31 Mr, C. H. Crane delivered the second of 
his lectures on yacht designing before the Seawanhaka . 
C. Y. C. On Friday, Feb. 10, Mr. Dwight L. Elmen- 
dorf will give a lecture on the late war, illustrated by 
stereopticon views of the battle of San Juan, the destruc- 
tion of Cervera's fleet, etc., from photos made by the 
lecturer. Com. Rouse has appointed Herbert L. Satter- 
lee as fleet captain and Eugene S. Willard as signal offi- 
cer. 
Wayward, cutter, has been sold by D. S. Ellsworth to 
Chas, Smithers, who will alter her to a schooner, 
